2  CRM Training Steps for Small Operators
2.1  These steps can be progressively adopted by any transport operator according to financial constraints:
a) development of pilot awareness of CRM policies through distribution of booklets, pamphlets, republished articles and studies, and videotapes stressing "this could happen to you" types of incidents or accidents;
b) conduct of in-house seminars for crew members using role-playing for demonstrations of CRM techniques;
c) phase-in of CRM principles into initial first officer training programmes. Open cockpit atmosphere and assertiveness training would be key elements in such training;
d) integration of CRM policies into recurrent ground school curricula, into captain upgrade training, and into flight operations manuals;
e) recruitment of a core-nucleus of training-staff personnel for development of in-house CRM training programmes;
f)  employment of an outside consultant for preparation of in-house CRM programmes; and
g) outright purchase of a complete CRM programme from a third-party vendor.
2.2  In summary, CRM training is an important element in small airline operations. At a recent workshop a recurring theme sounded throughout all panel discussions regarding small operators:
"Go home, go back to your airlines and start doing something about it. No matter how small the training budget, take that first step toward a comprehensive, integrated CRM training programme."
Chapter 4 CRM - The Operator Experience
1  Introduction
1.1  In September 1987 the Secretariat of ICAO wrote to eleven operators regarding their experience with LOFT/CRM. The letter stated in part:
"In particular, (I am) interested in the management considerations which would have prompted the introduction of LOFT and CRM, any benefits which may have accrued from such training, the methods used and anything else that you consider useful for the purpose."
1.2  Some of the replies are presented below. They were selected because they were particularly pertinent to the purpose of this digest and because their length fitted the format selected. Although excellent, some replies had to be omitted because they were too long or included information already presented elsewhere in this digest.
1.3  It will be seen that while the fundamentals of CRM remain the same for these operators, the training has in each case been tailored to meet the operator's requirements and culture. The terminology used by individual operators is sometimes different from the terminology used elsewhere in this document. It should also be noted that these operators are at various stages of CRM development.

2  Alaska Airlines
The following is a summary of Alaska Airlines' "Integrated Crew Experience" training programme.
Alaska Airlines has designed its own version of "Cockpit Resource Management Training"; we call it "Integrated Crew Experience (ICE)." This programme has been developed by conducting a "needs analysis" designed by R. Helmreich Ph.D of the University of Texas at Austin, who is operating under a NASA grant to evaluate Cockpit Resource Management programmes. A review of the Needs Analysis for Alaska Airlines flight crew members has shown emphasis is needed in four primary training requirements.
　
中國航空網 www.k6050.com
航空翻譯 www.aviation.cn
本文鏈接地址：Flight Crew Training Cockpit Resource Management (CRM) and Line-Oriented Flight Training (LOFT)(19)