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a) Group co-ordination: These are items that relate to smooth group operational problems, verbalizing and acknowledging procedures, reporting of overloads and the process of critique.
b) Personal invulnerability: These items relate to invulnerability to fatigue, working with inexperienced crew members, personal problems and macho pilot myths.
c) Pilot-in-command dominance: These items relate to undesirable crew dominance and authority issues, such as captains dictating procedures and flying the aircraft, with everybody else being silent and inactive.
d) Social consideration: These items relate to social niceties and consideration of others in the crew.
The Alaska Airlines ICE programme addresses these training needs through a three-part, long-term programme. First we conduct a three-day, intensive workshop, designed to give each crew member training in each of the following subjects:
Part One: Awareness
a) Introduce crew members to the concept of human factors as a cause of aircraft accidents b) The process of voluntary and involuntary change i) barriers to change ii) synergy concept c) Best/worst crew member characteristics d) Leadership/followership i) administer leadership styles instrument ii) leadership/management theories iii) situational leadership e) Conflict resolution i) response to conflict ii) coping with conflict f) Assertiveness i) aggression ii) non-assertion iii) assertion g) Crew dynamics i) styles of crew evolution ii) functional crews iii) disfunctional crews h) Stress management i) positive stressors ii) negative stressors iii) mental and physical reactions to stress i) Communication training i) information ii) questioning iii) listening iv) feedback j) Pilot judgement/decision making i) demonstrate how judgement leads to decisions ii) blockages to effective decisions iii) introduce a model for effective decision making k) Summary experience (role playing)
Uses actual air carrier accidents and incidents to create problem-solving dilemmas that participants must act out and critique through the use of videotape playback.
All of the topic areas are taught using an experiential training method that requires each crew member to actively participate in each phase of the training.

Part Two: Practice and feedback
The second part of ICE training is conducted as line-oriented flight training. In this phase each crew member flies a one and a half hour, real time, full mission simulator session that is designed to introduce a human factors problem that the crew will have to cope with, just as they would on a typical line trip. The LOFT is videotaped and used to provide feedback to the crew members during the debriefing.
Videotape feedback is particularly effective because the experience of viewing oneself from a third-person perspective creates a level of awareness not possible with other techniques. This perspective appears to be a strong motivator for attitude and behaviour change. It is virtually impossible to deny the presence of an ineffective managerial or interpersonal style if you see it for yourself.
　
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