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natural flyways such as lakes, rivers, gorges, and
canyons, and cross other landmarks pilots frequently
follow such as highways, railroad tracks, etc. As with
antenna towers, these high voltage/power lines or the
supporting structures of these lines may not always be
readily visible and the wires may be virtually
impossible to see under certain conditions. In some
locations, the supporting structures of overhead
transmission lines are equipped with unique sequence
flashing white strobe light systems to indicate that
there are wires between the structures. However,
many power lines do not require notice to the FAA
and, therefore, are not marked and/or lighted. Many
of those that do require notice do not exceed 200 feet
AGL or meet the Obstruction Standard of 14 CFR
Part 77 and, therefore, are not marked and/or lighted.
All pilots are cautioned to remain extremely vigilant
for these power lines or their supporting structures
when following natural flyways or during the
approach and landing phase. This is particularly
important for seaplane and/or float equipped aircraft
when landing on, or departing from, unfamiliar lakes
or rivers.
d. Other Objects/Structures. There are other
objects or structures that could adversely affect your
flight such as construction cranes near an airport,
newly constructed buildings, new towers, etc. Many
of these structures do not meet charting requirements
or may not yet be charted because of the charting
cycle. Some structures do not require obstruction
marking and/or lighting and some may not be marked
and lighted even though the FAA recommended it.
7−5−4. Avoid Flight Beneath Unmanned
Balloons
a. The majority of unmanned free balloons
currently being operated have, extending below
them, either a suspension device to which the payload
or instrument package is attached, or a trailing wire
antenna, or both. In many instances these balloon
subsystems may be invisible to the pilot until the
aircraft is close to the balloon, thereby creating a
potentially dangerous situation. Therefore, good
judgment on the part of the pilot dictates that aircraft
should remain well clear of all unmanned free
balloons and flight below them should be avoided at
all times.
b. Pilots are urged to report any unmanned free
balloons sighted to the nearest FAA ground facility
with which communication is established. Such
information will assist FAA ATC facilities to identify
and flight follow unmanned free balloons operating
in the airspace.
7−5−5. Mountain Flying
a. Your first experience of flying over mountainous
terrain (particularly if most of your flight time has
been over the flatlands of the midwest) could be a
never-to-be-forgotten nightmare if proper planning is
not done and if you are not aware of the potential
hazards awaiting. Those familiar section lines are not
present in the mountains; those flat, level fields for
forced landings are practically nonexistent; abrupt
changes in wind direction and velocity occur; severe
updrafts and downdrafts are common, particularly
near or above abrupt changes of terrain such as cliffs
or rugged areas; even the clouds look different and
can build up with startling rapidity. Mountain flying
need not be hazardous if you follow the recommendations
below.
b. File a Flight Plan. Plan your route to avoid
topography which would prevent a safe forced
landing. The route should be over populated areas and
well known mountain passes. Sufficient altitude
should be maintained to permit gliding to a safe
landing in the event of engine failure.
c. Don’t fly a light aircraft when the winds aloft, at
your proposed altitude, exceed 35 miles per hour.
Expect the winds to be of much greater velocity over
mountain passes than reported a few miles from them.
Approach mountain passes with as much altitude as
possible. Downdrafts of from 1,500 to 2,000 feet per
minute are not uncommon on the leeward side.
d. Don’t fly near or above abrupt changes in
terrain. Severe turbulence can be expected, especially
in high wind conditions.
2/19/04 AIM
Potential Flight Hazards 7−5−3
e. Understand Mountain Obscuration. The
term Mountain Obscuration (MTOS) is used to
describe a visibility condition that is distinguished
from IFR because ceilings, by definition, are described
as “above ground level” (AGL). In mountainous
terrain clouds can form at altitudes significantly
higher than the weather reporting station and at the
　
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