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next 2−3 digits for speed and unit, KT (KMH or MPS); as needed, Gust
and maximum speed; 00000KT for calm; for METAR, if direction varies
60 degrees or more, Variability appended, e.g. 180V260
22015G25KT
5SM Prevailing visibility; in U.S., Statute Miles & fractions; above 6 miles in
TAF Plus6SM. (Or, 4−digit minimum visibility in meters and as required,
lowest value with direction)
3/4SM
Runway Visual Range: R; 2−digit runway designator Left, Center, or
Right as needed; “/”, Minus or Plus in U.S., 4−digit value, FeeT in U.S.,
(usually meters elsewhere); 4−digit value Variability 4−digit value (and
tendency Down, Up or No change)
R28L/2600FT
HZ Significant present, forecast and recent weather: see table (on back) TSRA
FEW020 Cloud amount, height and type: Sky Clear 0/8, FEW >0/8−2/8,
SCaTtered 3/8−4/8, BroKeN 5/8−7/8, OVerCast 8/8; 3−digit height in
hundreds of ft; Towering Cumulus or CumulonimBus in METAR; in
TAF, only CB. Vertical Visibility for obscured sky and height “VV004”.
More than 1 layer may be reported or forecast. In automated METAR
reports only, CLeaR for “clear below 12,000 feet”
OVC 010CB
Temperature: degrees Celsius; first 2 digits, temperature “/” last 2
digits, dew−point temperature; Minus for below zero, e.g., M06
18/16
Altimeter setting: indicator and 4 digits; in U.S., A−inches and
hundredths; (Q−hectoPascals, e.g. Q1013)
A2992
2/17/05 AIM
Meteorology 7−1−59
FIG 7−1−23
Key to Aerodrome Forecast (TAF) and
Aviation Routine Weather Report (METAR) (Back)
U.S. Department
of Transportation
Federal Aviation
Administration
KEY to AERODROME FORECAST (TAF) and
AVIATION ROUTINE WEATHER REPORT
(METAR) (BACK)
FORECAST EXPLANATION REPORT
WS010/31022KT In U.S. TAF, non−convective low−level (≤ 2,000 ft) Wind Shear;
3−digit height (hundreds of ft); “/”; 3−digit wind direction and 2−3
digit wind speed above the indicated height, and unit, KT
In METAR, ReMarK indicator & remarks. For example: Sea−
Level Pressure in hectoPascals & tenths, as shown: 1004.5 hPa;
Temp/dew−point in tenths C, as shown: temp. 18.2C, dew−point
15.9C
RMK
SLP045
T01820159
FM1930 FroM and 2−digit hour and 2−digit minute beginning time:
indicates significant change. Each FM starts on a new line,
indented 5 spaces
TEMPO 2022 TEMPOrary: changes expected for <1 hour and in total, < half of
2−digit hour beginning and 2−digit hour ending time period
PROB40 0407 PROBability and 2−digit percent (30 or 40): probable condition
during 2−digit hour beginning and 2−digit hour ending time
period
BECMG 1315 BECoMinG: change expected during 2−digit hour beginning
and 2−digit hour ending time period
Table of Significant Present, Forecast and Recent Weather− Grouped in categories and used in the
order listed below; or as needed in TAF, No Significant Weather.
QUALIFIER
INTENSITY OR PROXIMITY
‘−’
Light
“no sign” Moderate ‘+’ Heavy
VC Vicinity: but not at aerodrome; in U.S. METAR, between 5 and 10SM of the point(s) of
observation; in U.S. TAF, 5 to 10SM from center of runway complex (elsewhere within 8000m)
DESCRIPTOR
MI Shallow BC Patches PR Partial TS Thunderstorm
BL Blowing SH Showers DR Drifting FZ Freezing
WEATHER PHENOMENA
PRECIPITATION
DZ Drizzle RA Rain SN Snow SG Snow grains
IC Ice Crystals PL Ice Pellets GR Hail GS Small hail/snow
UP Unknown precipitation in automated observations pellets
OBSCURATION
BR Mist (≥5/8SM) FG Fog (<5/8SM) FU Smoke VA Volcanic ash
SA Sand HZ Haze PY Spray DU Widespread dust
OTHER
SQ Squall SS Sandstorm DU Duststorm PO Well developed
FC Funnel cloud +FC tornado/waterspout dust/sand whirls
−Explanations in parentheses “( )” indicate different worldwide practices.
− Ceiling is not specified; defined as the lowest broken or overcast layer, or the vertical visibility.
− NWS TAFs exclude turbulence, icing & temperature forecasts; NWS METARs exclude trend forecasts
January 1999 Department of Transportation
Aviation Weather Directorate FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION
AIM 2/17/05
7−1−60 Meteorology
7−1−32. International Civil Aviation
Organization (ICAO) Weather Formats
The U.S. uses the ICAO world standard for aviation
　
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