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matrix does not include them.
l  
l   Use the matrix to analyze risk and target areas of concern for risk reducing techniques.
l   Review individual areas of concern before recommending options.
(3) Another technique the risk assessor can use is the METT-T risk assessment procedure.
Leaders can subjectively decide the likelihood and extent of accidental loss based on this
type of analysis. When using the METT-T format, the risk assessor must--
l   Determine the mission's complexity and difficulty.
l   Assess the enemy situation and identify specific hazards.
l   Consider all aspects of the terrain as well as weather and ability.
Determine the supervision required and evaluate the experience, training, morale, and
endurance of units and their equipment.
l  
l   Determine the time available for planning and executing the mission.
c. Step 3. Develop Controls. Control measures are developed that reduce the risk to the mission.
The staff must--
l   Identify hazards and assess risk.
l   Focus on critical events first.
l   Eliminate unnecessary risks.
FM 1-113 Appendix F
F-2
l   Reduce the amount of mission-essential and prudent risks by applying controls.
l   Develop control options that synchronize the operation that eliminate or reduce risks.
Recommend options for the commander's decision. Check for residual effects before suggesting
options. Visualize what will happen once the option has been implemented.. Sometimes reducing
one risk will only introduce other risks.
l  
Leaders can detect and eliminate unnecessary safety restrictions that impede the realism or
effectiveness of training. With proper controls, these restrictions can be eliminated or reduced.
Sensible consideration and consultation with the unit's most experienced personnel is the key here.
l  
d. Step 4. Implement Controls. Decide, implement controls, and integrate specific controls into
plans, OPORDs, SOPs, and rehearsals. Knowledge of controls, from the commander to the
individual soldier, is essential for successfully implementing and executing controls.
e. Step 5. Supervise.
(1) The commander must enforce controls. Leaders monitor, follow-up, verify, and correct
or modify, as appropriate, controls that the commander imposes on his subordinates. When
monitoring operational activities, leaders must--
l   Avoid administrative intrusions on their subordinates time.
l   Go where the risks are and spend time at the heart of the action.
l   Analyze and think through issues, not just observe.
Work with key personnel to improve operational procedures after the action. Leaders must
not hesitate to assess imminent danger issues on the spot.
l  
l   Fix systemic problems that are hindering combat effectiveness.
Retain and disseminate lessons learned from mishaps, near misses, etc., to affect present and
future operations.
l  
(2) Leaders must also balance the cost of risks with the value of the desired outcome. They
must consider and manage risks in making such decisions using three general rules--
Never accept an unnecessary risk. The leader who has the authority to accept or reject a risk
is responsible for protecting his soldiers from unnecessary risks. If he can eliminate or
reduce a risk and still accomplish the mission, the risk is unnecessary.
l  
Make risk decisions at the appropriate level. The leader who must answer for an accident is
the person who should make the decision to accept or reject the risk. In most cases, he will
be a senior officer, but small-unit commanders and first-line leaders might also have to
make risk decisions during combat. Therefore, they should learn to make risk decisions
during training.
l  
Ensure that the benefits of a prudent risk outweigh the possible cost of the risk. Leaders
must understand the possible risk and have a clear picture of the benefits to be gained from
taking that risk.
l  
FM 1-113 Appendix F
F-3
APPENDIX G
AIRCRAFT SURVIVABILITY
Utility and cargo helicopters operate throughout the entire battlefield during the conduct of their assigned missions. The
purpose of this appendix is to discuss aircraft survivability.
G-1. FUNDAMENTALS OF AIRCRAFT SURVIVABILITY
Aircraft survivability encompasses a vast array of disciplines. There is a tendency to think of ASE as the complete
picture of aircraft survivability. ASE is only a portion of EW that is one portion of EW supporting information
　
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