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Europe’s long history of dealing with potential and real
A terrorist threats to its transportation infrastructure has
resulted in the development and continual enhancement of
techniques and solutions widely regarded as best practice
throughout the world.
European airports have led the field in areas as diverse as
developing multi-level techniques for hold baggage screening,
enhanced checkpoint screening techniques for hand
baggage, passenger profiling, staff screening, surveillance and
facilities security, but there is still much to be done to make
travelling through European airports even safer.
The European Union (EU), in consort with the European Civil
Aviation Conference (ECAC), continues to drive enhancements
to security at European airports. The ECAC long ago adopted
the UK-developed multi-level hold baggage screening
technique and continues to promote the solution as best
Only by willingly
shouldering their duty
to air passengers will
governments ensure
the highest level of
security for all citizens
ATM AND AIRPORTS: CHALLENGES FOR EUROPE
80
practice among new EU members of the European Union (EU)
as well as further afield. Meanwhile, the European Commission
(EC) itself legislates to require airports to adopt standard
practices such as staff screening, and physically separating
inbound and outbound passengers from one another.
Several airports across Europe remain at the forefront of the
drive to adopt advanced techniques to deal with terrorism.
Manchester Airport (MAN), the third biggest in the United
Kingdom, has recently embarked on multi-level checkpoint
screening trials. The concept Manchester has adopted is long
overdue. Rather than utilising just metal detection, x-ray and
trace detection for passenger hand baggage, this airport has
opted to randomly direct individual passengers to checkpoint
lines employing differing technologies. The trials mark a
departure from standard checkpoint practice. The thinking
behind the concept is to make it harder for terrorists to plan
an attack since they will not know with any degree of
certainty what detection systems they are faced with.
Elsewhere across Europe both access control and border
control is being enhanced with the adoption, in some
countries, of biometric technologies. These technologies are
ideally suited to access control, providing positive
identification of airport employees and effective tracking of
employee movements. They can be set up in such a way that
employees are given differing levels of access to the secure
areas of airports dependent upon their job description. Only
those with a biometrics matching that in the airport database
can gain access, for example, between landside and airside in
a terminal building. The use of biometrics for access control
purposes also solves an age-old problem of unauthorised
access using lost or stolen identification cards.
Amsterdam Schiphol (AMS) has become the first airport in
the world to use iris recognition technology for its Privium
border control system. Iris scanning is considered to be more
reliable and faster than other forms of biometric
identification, such as fingerprint or hand palm recognition.
This is because the iris never changes and irises are rarely
damaged or injured. Just a tiny injury to the finger or to the
palm of the hand can hamper biometric recognition. Privium
is an ‘opt in’ members’ scheme and is proving to be
considerably faster compared with manual passport control.
Paris Charles de Gaulle (CDG) meanwhile has opted to stick
with fingerprint for its Pegase border control solution, which
finally went live in the summer 2005. Pegase is again an ‘opt
in’ solution and requires passengers to register a fingerprint
from both left and right hands at special booths situated in
the terminals. False acceptance or rejection data for Pegase is
not presently available, but given that Aéroports de Paris
(ADP) has been successfully using biometrics for access
control at both Charles de Gaulle and Orly airports for some
time, it seems likely the figures will be somewhat similar. The
access control system has some 100,000 registered users and
40,000 biometric checks are conducted daily with a low false
rejection rate of just 0.6 per cent.
Such technology-based solutions help to ensure that air
passengers avoid unacceptably long lines, wait times and
missed flights. There is a concern among European airport
operators not to make security so onerous and such a hassle
that customer service is lost in the shuffle. That is when the
　
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本文鏈接地址：A vision for European aviation(23)