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• Access to markets and external and international
transport links are regarded as “absolutely essential” to
enterprises making location decisions. Large airports are
seen as fundamental national economic motors, for
example the role of Amsterdam Schiphol, London
ATM AND AIRPORTS: CHALLENGES FOR EUROPE
84
Heathrow, Paris CDG, Munich, Helsinki and Vienna.
• Regional airports are equally important to their local and
national economies. In addition, in remote regions,
airports and air transport fulfil an essential social
function, often connecting communities to key services,
such as hospitals and further education.
• Restricting airport capacity or pricing-off air travel
demand would have severe economic and social
consequences. Recent research shows that failure to
provide increases in airport capacity could cost between
2.5 per cent and 3 per cent of national or regional GDP
respectively.
• For the EU as a whole, tourism accounts for 5 per cent
of total employment and GDP – airports and air services
are vital in making this possible as evidenced in the
Spanish and Greek Islands. The advent of low-cost carrier
services is also accelerating the development of tourism
in many places. Take, for example, small Spanish airports,
such as Girona-Costa Brava and Murcia-San Javier
airports, which in 2003 witnessed growth of 160 and
77.6 per cent, respectively.
• The social and economic importance of air transport in
Europe will grow with enlargement of the EU.
Looking at some of these key issues in detail, the study
highlights the role that airports play as key economic motors
– providing ‘accessibility’ across Europe. Indeed, international
accessibility is one of the top three factors in company
location decisions, and there are clear examples of airports
developing as growth poles at a national and regional level,
attracting global companies. Air freight is increasingly
important for global trade, carrying some 40 per cent (by
value) of global merchandise.
Despite the obvious links with air freight, however, the
study found that it is often the financial and business
services sectors that make the greatest use of air transport
and for whom accessibility to air services will have the
strongest influence on location decisions. It defines the
most ‘air intensive’ sectors of business as insurance, banking
and finance, other business services, transport,
communication, printing and publishing, other means of
transport, extraction, coke, petroleum and nuclear fuel,
basic metals, research and development, computer activities
and precision and optical instruments.
Although it is difficult to quantify the catalytic impact of
airports, ACI EUROPE says there is strong anecdotal evidence
to illustrate the importance of airports on economic
development in their vicinity and on inward investment
specifically. So important is this issue believed to be that
EUROCONTROL has published the results of a new study on
The Economic Catalytic Effects of Air Transport in Europe.
The study concludes that the catalytic impact of air
transport in Europe is substantial and is set to increase over
coming years. Across Europe, the overall demand-side
economic catalytic impact of air transport in 2003 increased
net demand by 0.2 per cent of GDP. By 2025, demand side
economic catalytic impact is expected to rise by over 1.3 per
cent of GDP.
On the social side, the ACI EUROPE study analysed the social
impacts of airports and the effects of restricting capacity or
otherwise limiting the growth in demand for air travel.
It found that the social benefits from the accessibility that
air transport brings are all too often taken for granted as an
integral part of modern life. The availability of leisure
opportunities by air can be an important quality of life
indicator affecting the ability to retain skilled labour in areas
with a good air transport infrastructure. In remote regions,
however, air transport provides a more essential social
function, often providing the only link to essential services,
such as hospitals and further education.
In conclusion, the study warns that restricting the growth of
the air transport industry, through capacity restrictions at
airports or otherwise, would have damaging implications for
the economy of Europe. These implications would go beyond
the direct impact on employment and income generated by
the industry but would affect wider economic performance.
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ATM AND AIRPORTS: CHALLENGES FOR EUROPE
　
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