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group Report” and international Civil aviation
Organization standards for human factors in maintenance.
Appendix D contains brief summaries of high-profile accidents and high-profile incidents that
involved maintenance human factors problems.
U
.K. Caa says, “an organization with a good Summary accident data and incident data col-safety culture is one which has managed to lected from analytical reviews of the past 20 successfully institutionalize safety as a funda-years are presented in tables to illustrate causes mental value of the organization, with person-or contributory factors. nel at every level in the organization sharing a common commitment to safety.” “A good safety culture needs to be nurtured,
Flight SaFety Foundation . Flight SaFety digeSt . auguSt 2004

and is not something which can be put in place overnight, or with a training course alone,”
says the Caa. “it can be improved in the short
term by putting staff through a training course dealing with the elements of a safety culture. However, the improvement will only be sus-tained if the types of behaviors conducive to safety are rewarded and poor safety behavior is not condoned, or even punished (in the extreme cases). … A good safety culture is based on what actually goes on within an organization on a day-to-day basis, and not on rhetoric or superficial, short-term safety initiatives.”
Turbojet, Turboprop, and Turbofan Engine Induction System Icing and Ice Ingestion. U.S. Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) Advisory
Circular (aC) 20-147. Feb. 2, 2004. tables, attachment. 25 pp. available from gPo.****
T
his aC provides nonmandatory guidance and acceptable methods for demonstrating com-pliance with U.S. Federal Aviation Regulations (FARs) requirements for engine-induction-sys-tem icing and engine-ice ingestion. FAA says that the primary purpose of the aC is to reduce incon-sistencies and eventual surprises encountered by manufacturers of turbojet engines, turboprop engines and turbofan engines certified under FaRs Part 33 and installed in normal, utility, acro-batic and commuter category airplanes certified under Part 23 and transport category airplanes certified under Part 25. the aC does not address the installation of turboshaft engines in rotary wing aircraft; aC 20-73, Aircraft Icing Protection, is the primary aC for these installations.
the aC includes recommended standard test
conditions to demonstrate that no adverse effects on engine operation or serious loss of power or thrust (e.g., nonrecoverable or re-peated surge, stall, rollback or flameout) occur
during flight in icing conditions. the aC said that 30 years of certification experience and
hundreds of millions of hours of service experi-ence have shown that the recommended test conditions provide an adequate and consistent basis for engine-icing certification.
the aC says that engine operation should be reli-able, uninterrupted and without any significant adverse effects during the following recom-mended test conditions:
　
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