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1.1  The decision to uniformly apply a minimum radar separation value of 5 NM was taken in the early seventies, after a series of detailed studies jointly performed by the Operations and Engineering Directorates of the Agency Headquarters and the Maastricht UAC.
1.2  Since the initial adoption of the 5 NM radar separation standard, the Maastricht UAC is successfully providing safe ATC services within the Benelux and Northern Germany Upper Airspace for almost years now. On the basis of the present traffic growth factors, it is expected that the MAS-UAC will control over one million flights in 1997. The usage of the 5 NM radar separation minimum is certainly instrumental for the achievement of the associated high controller productivity.
1.3  Do we have the magic formulae to compute the acceptable minimum radar separation values? The answer is NO.
Since the initial adoption of the 5 NM radar separation standard, the proven safety records of the MAS-UAC have gradually resulted in a shift in emphasis from mathematical models(which are necessarily too simplistic to cover all possible factors, having an impact on the safe separation of air traffic) to suitable day-to-day quality assurance techniques.
1.4  Quality assurance means in fact adopting an attitude of constant vigilance, where working procedures and practices, processes and systems are continuously monitored and breaches of regulations or process/system deficiencies are minutely analysed and followed up if deemed necessary. Quality assurance has of course an operational and an engineering component.
1.5  At the operational level, organisational structures are in place to monitor the day-to-day operations, both from a safety and efficiency point of view. A dedicated Incident Investigation and Quality Assurance unit carefully follows up all reported real or perceived breaches of radar separation minima and other incidents, affecting the safety of operations. It is furthermore planned to enhance the MADAP system with an additional Safety Monitoring Facility(SMF), independent of the Short Term Conflict Alert (STCA) facility which is operationally used in MADAP since February 1980. Also advances in ATC Controller education and training techniques and tools(new in-house multi-purpose training facility) is a continuous contribution to ATC quality improvement.
1.6  Also from the technical point of view, there is a constant quality awareness and a perpetual endeavour to further improve the quality, availability, integrity, and capacity of systems and services. Vital technical subsystems supporting the 5 NM radar separation procedures, are the air-ground communications systems and the provision of a precise Air Situation Picture with a high degree of availability and displayed on high quality ATC screens.
A state-of-the-art VCS (voice communications system) was taken into operational use in 1996. The system integrates both ground-ground and ground-air voice communications and its ground part is fully digital technology. Separate back-up systems for both ground-ground and ground-air communications will be procured in 1997.
A well-designed and intuitive HMI subsystem is another important factor enhancing controller productivity and safety. The replacement of our present ODS is already far advanced. The new ODS will use high resolution raster-scan technology and a sophisticated windows type of HMI (COPS compliant).
1.7  The remaining part of this paper focuses only on the positive contribution to the 5NM separation minimum of the surveillance infrastructure, the aggregate radar coverage, the Radar Data Processing System (RDPS) and functions and tools basing on the availability of a precise Air Situation Picture.
2.  RADAR SURVEILLANCE ASPECTS
2.1  Radar Coverage
The quality of the radar information is of paramount importance within the overall radar separation process. Since the decision to adopt a radar separation minimum of 5 NM as the basis for radar separations within the MAS-UIR, numerous evolutionary steps were taken in order to enhance the quality of the radar coverage inside and within the peripheral zone surrounding the MADAP area of jurisdiction. There exists indeed a permanent commitment to exploit all windows of opportunity to enhance the reliability, integrity and quality of the composite coverage of the integral radar sensor infrastructure.
　
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