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The North American Aerospace Defense Command’s (NORAD’s) Operation Noble Eagle is charged with the task of interdicting aircraft believed to pose a national security risk.  Since September 11, 2001, fighter jets have scrambled to respond to almost 2,000 domestic air securityevents.94  While these incidents include escorts of international passenger airliners where passengers names matched information in terrorist databases, the large majority of these interdictions involved
93 Aircraft operating under VFR may, on occasion, request traffic advisories or “flight following” from air traffic controllers on a workload-permitting basis. However, except for regulations established for security monitoring purposes, VFR aircraft are not required to interact with air traffic services unless flying in specially designated airspace near towered airports or above 18,000 feet. 
94 First Air Force.  Operation Noble Eagle: Defending America’s Skies. Tyndall Air Force Base, FL.
intercepts of small GA aircraft that strayed into restricted or prohibited airspace.  In the environment of heightened security since the 9/11 attacks, the FAA, NORAD, and aviation user groups such as the AOPA and the NBAA have made extensive efforts to heighten pilots’ awareness regarding airspace restrictions and proper procedures to follow if intercepted by DHS, law enforcement, or military aircraft.
Despite these intensified efforts to protect major metropolitan areas and critical sites from aerial attacks, it has been reported that military officials have concluded that stopping a 9/11-style attack would be difficult unless fighter jets were already airborne.95  Maintaining a constant airborne defense presence, however, would be extremely costly and resource intensive.  Ground-to-air missiles have been deployed around Washington, DC, but are largely seen as a measure of last resort for protecting a limited number of key locations against an aerial attack, whether that attack involves a GA aircraft or a commercial airliner.96
Because of the continuing challenges in providing effective national airspace defenses, the adequacy of airspace protection initiatives will likely depend on close cooperation and coordination between the FAA, the DHS, and the DoD as well as effective command and control within each of these organizations.  Presently, event response is coordinated through the FAA’s Domestic Events Network (DEN), a continuously operated unclassified network for sharing critical incident information regarding aircraft deviations and violations of security restricted airspace, and the TSA’s Transportation Security Operations Center (TSOC), the central hub for exchanging information regarding aviation threats located in Herndon, VA.  The function of these facilities is to provide a shared situational awareness of aviation threats including, but not limited to, threats posed by GA aircraft.  Besides the TSA, NORAD, and the FAA, other key agencies involved in airspace surveillance and protection include Customs and Border Protection (CBP) and the Coast Guard which provide air interdiction and situation response within the DHS as well as the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI).97 These agencies also coordinate with federal, state, and local law enforcement to integrate threat response. 
　
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