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the phrase “CAUTION - WAKE TURBULENCE.”
After issuing the caution for wake turbulence, the
airport traffic controllers generally do not provide
additional information to the following aircraft
unless the airport traffic controllers know the
following aircraft is overtaking the preceding
aircraft. WHETHER OR NOT A WARNING OR
INFORMATION HAS BEEN GIVEN, HOWEVER,
THE PILOT IS EXPECTED TO ADJUST AIRCRAFT
OPERATIONS AND FLIGHT PATH AS
NECESSARY TO PRECLUDE SERIOUS WAKE
ENCOUNTERS. When any doubt exists about
maintaining safe separation distances between
aircraft during approaches, pilots should ask the
control tower for updates on separation distance and
aircraft groundspeed.
b. The following vortex avoidance procedures are
recommended for the various situations:
1. Landing behind a larger aircraft- same
runway. Stay at or above the larger aircraft's final
approach flight path‐note its touchdown point‐land
beyond it.
2. Landing behind a larger aircraft- when
parallel runway is closer than 2,500 feet. Consider
possible drift to your runway. Stay at or above the
larger aircraft's final approach flight path- note its
touchdown point.
3. Landing behind a larger aircraft- crossing
runway. Cross above the larger aircraft's flight path.
4. Landing behind a departing larger aircraft-
same runway. Note the larger aircraft's
rotation point- land well prior to rotation point.
5. Landing behind a departing larger aircraft-
crossing runway. Note the larger aircraft's
rotation point- if past the intersection- continue the
approach- land prior to the intersection. If larger
aircraft rotates prior to the intersection, avoid flight
AIM 2/14/08
7-3-6 Wake Turbulence
below the larger aircraft's flight path. Abandon the
approach unless a landing is ensured well before
reaching the intersection.
6. Departing behind a larger aircraft. Note
the larger aircraft's rotation point and rotate prior to
the larger aircraft's rotation point. Continue climbing
above the larger aircraft's climb path until turning
clear of the larger aircraft's wake. Avoid subsequent
headings which will cross below and behind a larger
aircraft. Be alert for any critical takeoff situation
which could lead to a vortex encounter.
7. Intersection takeoffs- same runway. Be
alert to adjacent larger aircraft operations, particularly
upwind of your runway. If intersection takeoff
clearance is received, avoid subsequent heading
which will cross below a larger aircraft's path.
8. Departing or landing after a larger
aircraft executing a low approach, missed
approach, or touch‐and‐go landing. Because
vortices settle and move laterally near the ground, the
vortex hazard may exist along the runway and in your
flight path after a larger aircraft has executed a low
approach, missed approach, or a touch‐and‐go
landing, particular in light quartering wind conditions.
You should ensure that an interval of at least
2minutes has elapsed before your takeoff or landing.
9. En route VFR (thousand‐foot altitude plus
500 feet). Avoid flight below and behind a large
aircraft's path. If a larger aircraft is observed above on
the same track (meeting or overtaking) adjust your
position laterally, preferably upwind.
7-3-7. Helicopters
In a slow hover taxi or stationary hover near the
surface, helicopter main rotor(s) generate downwash
producing high velocity outwash vortices to a
distance approximately three times the diameter of
the rotor. When rotor downwash hits the surface, the
resulting outwash vortices have behavioral characteristics
similar to wing tip vortices produced by fixed
wing aircraft. However, the vortex circulation is
outward, upward, around, and away from the main
rotor(s) in all directions. Pilots of small aircraft
should avoid operating within three rotor diameters
of any helicopter in a slow hover taxi or stationary
hover. In forward flight, departing or landing
helicopters produce a pair of strong, high‐speed
trailing vortices similar to wing tip vortices of larger
fixed wing aircraft. Pilots of small aircraft should use
caution when operating behind or crossing behind
landing and departing helicopters.
7-3-8. Pilot Responsibility
a. Government and industry groups are making
concerted efforts to minimize or eliminate the
hazards of trailing vortices. However, the flight
disciplines necessary to ensure vortex avoidance
during VFR operations must be exercised by the pilot.
Vortex visualization and avoidance procedures
　
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