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the engine inlets.
5. A fire warning in the forward cargo area.
e. It may become necessary to shut down and then
restart engines to prevent exceeding EGT limits.
Volcanic ash may block the pitot system and result in
unreliable airspeed indications.
f. If you see a volcanic eruption and have not been
previously notified of it, you may have been the first
person to observe it. In this case, immediately contact
ATC and alert them to the existence of the eruption.
If possible, use the Volcanic Activity Reporting form
(VAR) depicted in Appendix 2 of this manual.
Items 1 through 8 of the VAR should be transmitted
immediately. The information requested in
items 9 through 16 should be passed after landing. If
a VAR form is not immediately available, relay
enough information to identify the position and
nature of the volcanic activity. Do not become
unnecessarily alarmed if there is merely steam or very
low-level eruptions of ash.
g. When landing at airports where volcanic ash has
been deposited on the runway, be aware that even a
thin layer of dry ash can be detrimental to braking
action. Wet ash on the runway may also reduce
effectiveness of braking. It is recommended that
reverse thrust be limited to minimum practical to
reduce the possibility of reduced visibility and engine
ingestion of airborne ash.
h. When departing from airports where volcanic
ash has been deposited, it is recommended that pilots
avoid operating in visible airborne ash. Allow ash to
settle before initiating takeoff roll. It is also
recommended that flap extension be delayed until
initiating the before takeoff checklist and that a
rolling takeoff be executed to avoid blowing ash back
into the air.
7−5−10. Emergency Airborne Inspection of
Other Aircraft
a. Providing airborne assistance to another aircraft
may involve flying in very close proximity to that
aircraft. Most pilots receive little, if any, formal
training or instruction in this type of flying activity.
Close proximity flying without sufficient time to plan
(i.e., in an emergency situation), coupled with the
stress involved in a perceived emergency can be
hazardous.
b. The pilot in the best position to assess the
situation should take the responsibility of coordinating
the airborne intercept and inspection, and take
into account the unique flight characteristics and
differences of the category(s) of aircraft involved.
c. Some of the safety considerations are:
1. Area, direction and speed of the intercept;
2. Aerodynamic effects (i.e., rotorcraft downwash);
3. Minimum safe separation distances;
4. Communications requirements, lost communications
procedures, coordination with ATC;
5. Suitability of diverting the distressed aircraft
to the nearest safe airport; and
6. Emergency actions to terminate the intercept.
d. Close proximity, inflight inspection of another
aircraft is uniquely hazardous. The pilot−in−
command of the aircraft experiencing the
problem/emergency must not relinquish control of
the situation and/or jeopardize the safety of their
aircraft. The maneuver must be accomplished with
minimum risk to both aircraft.
A71I1M0.65R CHG 2 37//1315//078
2/14/Potential Flight Hazards 7−5−9
7−5−11. Precipitation Static
a. Precipitation static is caused by aircraft in flight
coming in contact with uncharged particles. These
particles can be rain, snow, fog, sleet, hail, volcanic
ash, dust; any solid or liquid particles. When the
aircraft strikes these neutral particles the positive
element of the particle is reflected away from the
aircraft and the negative particle adheres to the skin
of the aircraft. In a very short period of time a
substantial negative charge will develop on the skin
of the aircraft. If the aircraft is not equipped with
static dischargers, or has an ineffective static
discharger system, when a sufficient negative voltage
level is reached, the aircraft may go into
“CORONA.” That is, it will discharge the static
electricity from the extremities of the aircraft, such as
the wing tips, horizontal stabilizer, vertical stabilizer,
antenna, propeller tips, etc. This discharge of static
electricity is what you will hear in your headphones
and is what we call P−static.
b. A review of pilot reports often shows different
symptoms with each problem that is encountered.
The following list of problems is a summary of many
pilot reports from many different aircraft. Each
problem was caused by P−static:
　
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