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electricity, bonding, and spill/fires potential.
Any activity associated with rotors turning
(i.e.;refueling embarking/disembarking, loading/
unloading baggage/freight; etc.) personnel should
only approach the aircraft when authorized to do so.
Approach should be made via safe approach
path/walkway or “arc”- remain clear of all rotors.
NOTE-
1. Marine vessels, barges etc.: Vessel motion presents
additional potential hazards to helicopter operations
(blade flex, aircraft movement).
2. See National Fire Protection Association (NFPA)
Document 407, “Standard for Aircraft Fuel Servicing”
for specifics regarding non-HRR (routine refueling
operations).
10-2-2. Helicopter Night VFR Operations
a. Effect of Lighting on Seeing Conditions in
Night VFR Helicopter Operations
NOTEThis
guidance was developed to support safe night VFR
helicopter emergency medical services (HEMS) operations.
The principles of lighting and seeing conditions are
useful in any night VFR operation.
While ceiling and visibility significantly affect safety
in night VFR operations, lighting conditions also
have a profound effect on safety. Even in conditions
in which visibility and ceiling are determined to be
visual meteorological conditions, the ability to
discern unlighted or low contrast objects and terrain
at night may be compromised. The ability to discern
these objects and terrain is the seeing condition, and
is related to the amount of natural and man made
lighting available, and the contrast, reflectivity, and
texture of surface terrain and obstruction features. In
order to conduct operations safely, seeing conditions
must be accounted for in the planning and execution
of night VFR operations.
Night VFR seeing conditions can be described by
identifying “high lighting conditions” and “low
lighting conditions.”
1. High lighting conditions exist when one of
two sets of conditions are present:
(a) The sky cover is less than broken (less
than 5/8 cloud cover), the time is between the local
Moon rise and Moon set, and the lunar disk is at least
50% illuminated; or
(b) The aircraft is operated over surface
lighting which, at least, provides for the lighting of
prominent obstacles, the identification of terrain
features (shorelines, valleys, hills, mountains, slopes)
and a horizontal reference by which the pilot may
control the helicopter. For example, this surface
lighting may be the result of:
(1) Extensive cultural lighting (man-made,
such as a built-up area of a city),
AIM 2/14/08
10-2-8 Special Operations
(2) Significant reflected cultural lighting
(such as the illumination caused by the reflection of
a major metropolitan area's lighting reflecting off a
cloud ceiling), or
(3) Limited cultural lighting combined
with a high level of natural reflectivity of celestial
illumination, such as that provided by a surface
covered by snow or a desert surface.
2. Low lighting conditions are those that do not
meet the high lighting conditions requirements.
3. Some areas may be considered a high lighting
environment only in specific circumstances. For
example, some surfaces, such as a forest with limited
cultural lighting, normally have little reflectivity,
requiring dependence on significant moonlight to
achieve a high lighting condition. However, when
that same forest is covered with snow, its reflectivity
may support a high lighting condition based only on
starlight. Similarly, a desolate area, with little cultural
lighting, such as a desert, may have such inherent
natural reflectivity that it may be considered a high
lighting conditions area regardless of season,
provided the cloud cover does not prevent starlight
from being reflected from the surface. Other surfaces,
such as areas of open water, may never have enough
reflectivity or cultural lighting to ever be characterized
as a high lighting area.
4. Through the accumulation of night flying
experience in a particular area, the operator will
develop the ability to determine, prior to departure,
which areas can be considered supporting high or low
lighting conditions. Without that operational experience,
low lighting considerations should be applied
by operators for both pre-flight planning and
operations until high lighting conditions are observed
or determined to be regularly available.
b. Astronomical Definitions and Background
Information for Night Operations
1. Definitions
(a) Horizon. Wherever one is located on or
　
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