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state that “timed approaches are in progress,” the
assigning of a time to depart the final approach fix
inbound (nonprecision approach) or the outer marker
or fix used in lieu of the outer marker inbound
(precision approach) is indicative that timed
approach procedures are being utilized, or in lieu of
holding, the controller may use radar vectors to the
Final Approach Course to establish a mileage interval
between aircraft that will insure the appropriate time
sequence between the final approach fix/outer marker
or fix used in lieu of the outer marker and the airport.
c. Each pilot in an approach sequence will be given
advance notice as to the time they should leave the
holding point on approach to the airport. When a time
to leave the holding point has been received, the pilot
should adjust the flight path to leave the fix as closely
as possible to the designated time. (See FIG 5−4−14.)
A71I1M0.65R CHG 2 37//1315//078
2/14/Arrival Procedures 5−4−29
FIG 5−4−14
Timed Approaches from a Holding Fix
ONE MINUTE
FLYING TIME
APPROXIMATELY 5 MILES
12:03 CLEARANCE RECEIVED
:04 INITIAL TIME
OVER FIX
1000 FT.
1000 FT.
1000 FT.
1000 FT.
:06 1/2
:07 REPORT
LEAVING FINAL
APPROACH TIME
:05 1/2
:05
30 SEC.
REPORT LEAVING
PREVIOUS ALTITUDE FOR
NEW ASSIGNED ALTITUDE
LOM LMM
AIRPORT
EXAMPLE−
At 12:03 local time, in the example shown, a pilot holding, receives instructions to leave the fix inbound at 12:07. These
instructions are received just as the pilot has completed turn at the outbound end of the holding pattern and is proceeding
inbound towards the fix. Arriving back over the fix, the pilot notes that the time is 12:04 and that there are 3 minutes to lose
in order to leave the fix at the assigned time. Since the time remaining is more than two minutes, the pilot plans to fly a race
track pattern rather than a 360 degree turn, which would use up 2 minutes. The turns at the ends of the race track pattern
will consume approximately 2 minutes. Three minutes to go, minus 2 minutes required for the turns, leaves 1 minute for level
flight. Since two portions of level flight will be required to get back to the fix inbound, the pilot halves the 1 minute remaining
7/31/08 AIM
AIM 2/14/08
5−4−30 Arrival Procedures
and plans to fly level for 30 seconds outbound before starting the turn back to the fix on final approach. If the winds were
negligible at flight altitude, this procedure would bring the pilot inbound across the fix precisely at the specified time of
12:07. However, if expecting headwind on final approach, the pilot should shorten the 30 second outbound course somewhat,
knowing that the wind will carry the aircraft away from the fix faster while outbound and decrease the ground speed while
returning to the fix. On the other hand, compensating for a tailwind on final approach, the pilot should lengthen the
calculated 30 second outbound heading somewhat, knowing that the wind would tend to hold the aircraft closer to the fix
while outbound and increase the ground speed while returning to the fix.
5−4−11. Radar Approaches
a. The only airborne radio equipment required for
radar approaches is a functioning radio transmitter
and receiver. The radar controller vectors the aircraft
to align it with the runway centerline. The controller
continues the vectors to keep the aircraft on course
until the pilot can complete the approach and landing
by visual reference to the surface. There are two types
of radar approaches: Precision (PAR) and
Surveillance (ASR).
b. A radar approach may be given to any aircraft
upon request and may be offered to pilots of aircraft
in distress or to expedite traffic, however, an ASR
might not be approved unless there is an ATC
operational requirement, or in an unusual or
emergency situation. Acceptance of a PAR or ASR by
a pilot does not waive the prescribed weather
minimums for the airport or for the particular aircraft
operator concerned. The decision to make a radar
approach when the reported weather is below the
established minimums rests with the pilot.
c. PAR and ASR minimums are published on
separate pages in the FAA Terminal Procedures
Publication (TPP).
1. A PRECISION APPROACH (PAR) is one
in which a controller provides highly accurate
navigational guidance in azimuth and elevation to a
pilot. Pilots are given headings to fly, to direct them
to, and keep their aircraft aligned with the extended
centerline of the landing runway. They are told to
　
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