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is the lowest altitude that guarantees
signal coverage, communications
and obstacle clearance, so it's the
same sort of thing as the MEA.
The maximum speeds in a holding
pattern are 175 kts IAS for propeller
driven aircraft, 230 kts IAS for
turbojets below 14,000 feet MHA
(265 above that) and 310 kts IAS jets
in the climb (turbo props must use
normal climb speed).
Descending or climbing in a holding
pattern (or one resembling it) is
known as a Shuttle Procedure, generally
used in mountainous areas where an
approach might be steep if done
otherwise (say more than 2000 feet
in the initial stages), but it may be
used elsewhere. To make sure you
don’t stray outside the pattern,
maximum speed inside is 200 kts
IAS, or 1 minute outbound.
Instruments 259
Some holds are displayed on the
charts, and are therefore
“published”. If you are cleared to
depart one at a particular time, you
can either go there and hold till that
time, reduce speed to make the
departure time, or use a combination
of both.
There are three ways of entering the
hold, direct, parallel and offset (or
teardrop):
Which you use depends on the
direction the fix is approached from.
If you are within 5° of two, you can
use either. The almost vertical line in
the diagram above is actually offset
by 20° from North:
If you are entering from Area 3, you
can virtually adopt the pattern
straight away, in the direct entry.
From Area 1, the parallel entry
requires you to go overhead the fix,
fly slightly parallel to the inbound
track (going the wrong way), then
turn left direct to the fix. After that,
make all turns to the right.
From Area 2, and the offset (or
teardrop) entry, after the fix, turn right
30° until you're in the area of a
normal turn in, then turn right to
join the inbound track. Make all
turns to the right (the offset is always
the smallest area). Area 51 is top
secret. A non-standard hold simply
all the entry sectors reversed.
A quick method of figuring out the
of entry is to superimpose the
pattern on the compass card with
your heading under the lubber line.
Place your thumb under the right
side to move it upwards 20° for a
standard entry:
When holding on a VOR, select the
reciprocal of the radial to hold on,
and watch for the TO flag inbound.
Start turning on station passage, and
time the outbound leg when the flag
appears after the zone of ambiguity.
For an NDB, the inbound is done
on a track (not a radial), and you
start timing outbound when you
reach the outbound heading or are
on the 90° RB, whichever is earlier.
DME holds are between two
distances – the inbound fix is at the
smaller one, and you start turning
inbound when you reach the larger.
At an intersection, start timing
outbound when actually on the
outbound heading.
260 Canadian Professional Pilot Studies
Arrival
Anticipate this by getting the current
ATIS, so you at least know what the
weather is like. Check the winds
against runways, and select the most
suitable for an approach, unless
otherwise instructed by ATC. Check
the visibility (RVR) and see whether
an approach ban is in effect, in
which case you can make plans for
your alternate early. At busy
terminals, there will be an arrival
frequency. At the other extreme, in
uncontrolled airspace, make
broadcasts and listen on the MF.
Once you know you are on your way
in, and which runway you are going
to use, you can tune and identify the
aids to be used. Make sure you have
clearance! And for the missed approach!
To simplify things, some airports
may use a Standard Terminal Arrival
Route (STAR), which works the same
way as a SID does, only in reverse.
You don't have to use one, but they
do help the flow of traffic.
The approach is split up into
segments, starting with the transition
or arrival phase, where you aim for the
first fix associated with the
approach. You may or may not be
vectored to it, but routes will no
doubt be published anyway.
Controllers sometimes forget that
fast descent in unpressurised aircraft
can hurt the ears, so try asking for it
early to allow it to be more gentle.
Just shove the nose down a few
degrees with the same power setting,
and you will gain a few extra knots
as well, and keep your engine warm.
Trim.
The Initial Approach Fix is where the
　
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