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aided with active LIDAR illumination of the target area. Exciting a particulate or gas cloud with a laser
simplifies the “fingerprinting” necessary to identify the specific substance. Used in conjunction with a
hyperspectral imager, LIDAR can provide faster and more precise identification.
SIGINT way ahead. Although the Joint SIGINT Avionics Family program failed to produce a low band
subsystem, the high band subsystem is producible and effective and will form the backbone of near term
electronic intelligence systems. USAF’s Advanced Signals Intelligence Payload (ASIP) program extends
the high band subsystem architecture into the low band target area of the RF spectrum. The target
platforms are the U-2 and Global Hawk.
In the near term, federated systems, developed to add specific capabilities to manned aircraft, will be used
to provide an initial SIGINT capability on UA such as Global Hawk. These “clip-in” systems, primarily
developed by/for NSA, have been successfully employed on platforms such as the U-2 and RC-135 Rivet
Joint. A loose federation of these “clip-ins” coupled with an ESM suite such as the LR-100,
demonstrated on Global Hawk as part of the Australian TANDEM THRUST exercise, can provide the
basis of an interim capability until a low band alternative is developed. A primary task for SIGINT on
UA such as Global Hawk will be cross cueing the on-board imagery sensors.
The Army is presently developing the Tactical SIGINT Payload (TSP), as scalable SIGINT payload, for
inclusion on the Unit of Action UA. The primary mission of TSP will be to rapidly map RF emitters on
UAS ROADMAP 2005
APPENDIX B – SENSORS
Page B-6
the battlefield to increase the commander’s situational awareness, with a limited exploitation capability.
These emitter locations will then be used to cue other ISR sensors in order to reduce their search times.
TSP is an excellent example of reprogrammable technology (software definable systems) enabling rapid
inclusion of new target types and capabilities.
Nuclear detection systems. Use of endurance UA outfitted with nuclear material detectors could play a
key role in homeland defense over the next 25 years. Depending on the characteristics of the detection
systems, either an aerostat or a Global Hawk-like long dwell aircraft could be the host platform. DoD
strongly supports work to develop and refine these detectors, with an emphasis on increased sensitivity
and long-range effectiveness.
ENABLING TECHNOLOGIES
HDTV video format. High definition television (HDTV) is becoming the industry standard format for
video systems of the type flown on DoD tactical and medium altitude endurance UA. The JTA specifies
that motion video systems should be based upon digital standards; to date, no fielded system complies.
HDTV standards represent a fundamental shift in video technology – from an interlaced image, where a
scene is scanned in two, temporally separate steps and recombined to form a full image, to a progressive
scanning and display process, where an entire scene is scanned and reproduced in one step. Progressive
scanning eliminates temporal skewing and is the underpinning to advanced video processing techniques.
Initial analysis indicates that moving to the HDTV-specified formats and compression methods will result
in an increase of about 2 NIIRS in image quality as compared to the current MQ-1 Predator video output.
This increased resolution provides analysts with the advantage of the additional context provided by
motion video coupled with image quality equal to some of the better digital framing cameras currently
fielded.
While digital sensors have historically been large and expensive, technology has significantly improved
options in both of these areas. Even though there are now focal array (camera) assemblies at even the
high end of the digital television spectrum that will fit in small turrets, new optical systems are needed to
fully exploit the capabilities of these imagers. Although some growth in turret size must be
accommodated to take full advantage of the resolution these sensors offer, a challenge to industry will be
to maximize optical performance in physically small turrets.
Standards. Currently, fielded video systems and data transfer protocols are not standardized; many are
proprietary systems that are not interoperable. In addition, the increased amount of data generated by a
digital video system may require additional bandwidth to move the data from the aircraft. Establishment
of a common format allows COTS interoperability and insures that ground terminals will be able to
interpret video data regardless of the aircraft providing that data. Equally as important, using a digital
　
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