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does not: temperature rises; The sun’s
rays raise the temperature of the surface.)
rake rake /rek/ noun the angle between a
wing or propeller blade of an aircraft
and a perpendicular or line of symmetry
ram ram /rm/ noun an increase in air
pressure caused by the forward speed of
the aircraft
Due to ram effect from aircraft
forward speed, extra air is taken
into the engine.
ram air ram air /rm eə/ noun airflow created
by the movement of the aircraft
which is used to cool, ventilate or drive
turbines
Oil cooling is often achieved
by using ram air or fuel.
ramjet ramjet /rmd"et/ noun a type of jet
engine in which fuel is burned in a duct
with air compressed by the forward
motion of the aircraft
ramp ramp /rmp/ noun 1. an inclined track
for loading and unloading
The height
of the cabin floor to the ground on large
jet transports means that injuries can
occur by exiting through the doors
when steps or ramps are not available.
2. US same as apron
range range /rend"/ noun 1. the amount or
extent of variation
range of frequencies

range of temperatures 2. a row or
chain of mountains or hills
the Rocky
Mountain range
Valley winds require
at least a reasonable pressure gradient,
preferably along a range of hills which
will produce a wind at right angles to
the hills. 3. the maximum distance an
aircraft can fly on a given amount of
fuel
Cruise level is selected to give the
greatest fuel economy, i.e. the greatest
range for least fuel. 4. the maximum
effective distance of operation
Precision
approach radar (PAR) is subject to
weather interference and has a limited
range.  verb  to range from … to …
to vary from … to …
Temperatures
range from 0°C (Celsius) at night to
40°C (Celsius) at midday.
rapid rapid /rpd/ adjective fast, with
great speed
Hoar frost is a light crystalline
deposit which can form on the
aircraft as a result of rapid descent from
cold altitudes into warm moist air. 
rapid changes fast changes
rapidity rapidity /rə|pdti/ noun great speed

Spontaneous combustion occurs with
such rapidity that there is an audible
explosion.
rapidly rapidly /rpdli/ adverb with great
speed, quickly
Rime ice is formed
when individual droplets of water freeze
rapidly on striking the aircraft surface.
187 reading
rare rare /reə/ adjective uncommon, not
often occurring
Smog or smoke fog is
now rare because of pollution controls.
RAS RAS abbreviation 1. radar advisory
service 2. rectified air speed
rate rate /ret/ noun a quantity measured in
relation to another measured quantity 
rate of climb speed of ascent measured
in feet per minute  rate of descent
speed of descent measured in feet per
minute  flow rate the amount of movement
of a fluid through a system in a
given time, e.g. gallons per minute
rather rather /rɑðə/ adverb 1. to some
extent, somewhat  rather cold
weather weather which is quite cold,
but not very cold 2.  rather than
instead of, preferably
Air tends to flow
around hills rather than rise over them.
rating rating /retŋ/ noun 1. an authorisation
on a licence, and forming part of
the licence, giving special conditions or
privileges 2. a classification according
to a scale
ratio ratio /reʃiəυ/ noun a relationship
between two quantities expressed as the
quotient of one divided by the other

The air/fuel ratio is 15:1.
Chart scale
is the ratio of the chart distance to
Earth distance. (NOTE: The ratio of 7 to
4 is written 7:4 or 7/4.)
ray ray /re/ noun a thin or narrow beam of
light or other radiant energy
cathode
ray
The Earth is heated by the rays of
the sun.
X-ray
RBI RBI abbreviation relative bearing indicator
RCC RCC abbreviation rescue co-ordination
centre
RCL RCL abbreviation runway centreline
re- re- /ri/ prefix again
reassemble

rewrite (NOTE: Not all verbs beginning
with re- have the meaning ‘again’, e.g.
remember.)
reach reach /ritʃ/ verb 1. to arrive at a place

The aircraft reached its destination on
time. 2. to get to a particular level
Upcurrents
in thunderstorms can reach
3,000 feet per minute.
Temperatures
can reach 49°C (Celsius) in summertime
in the Gulf region. 3. to extend

The tops of thunderstorm clouds can
　
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