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Painkillers are grouped into two broad categories: analgesics and anesthetics. Analgesics are drugs that reduce pain, while anesthetics are drugs that deaden pain or cause loss of consciousness.
Over-the-counter analgesics, such as acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin), acetaminophen (Tylenol), and ibuprofen (Advil) have few side effects when taken in the correct dosage. Although some people are allergic to certain analgesics or may suffer from stomach irritation, flying usually is not restricted when taking these drugs. However, flying is almost always precluded while using prescription analgesics, such as drugs containing propoxyphene (e.g., Darvon), oxycodone (e.g., Percodan), meperidine (e.g., Demerol), and codeine since these drugs are known to cause side effects such as mental confusion, dizziness, headaches, nausea, and vision problems.
Anesthetic drugs are commonly used for dental and surgical procedures. Most local anesthetics used for minor dental and outpatient procedures wear off within a relatively short period of time. The anesthetic itself may not limit flying as much as the actual procedure and subsequent pain.
Stimulants are drugs that excite the central nervous system and produce an increase in alertness and activity. Amphetamines, caffeine, and nicotine are all forms of stimulants. Common uses of these drugs include appetite suppression, fatigue reduction, and mood elevation. Some of these drugs may cause a stimulant reaction, even though this reaction is not their primary function. In some cases, stimulants can produce anxiety and mood swings, both of which are dangerous when flying.
Depressants are drugs that reduce the body’s functioning in many areas. These drugs lower blood pressure, reduce mental processing, and slow motor and reaction responses. There are several types of drugs that can cause a depressing effect on the body, including tranquilizers, motion sickness medication, some types of stomach medication, decongestants, and antihistamines. The most common depressant is alcohol.
16-15
Figure 16-9. Adverse affects of various drugs.
Alcohol
Sedative HypnoticsOpiatesStimulantsPsychedelicsTHCPsychoactive DrugsDevelopmentof ToleranceProlonged Use of Large AmountsWithdrawal SymptomsAfter Prolonged UseRange of EffectsFrom ToBeerWineHard LiquorBarbiturates:- Nembutal- Phenobarbital- SeconalTranquilizers:- Valium- Librium- QuaaludesOpiumMorphineHeroinCodeineDilaudidPercodanDarvonMethadoneDexedrineMethamphetamineDiet PillsRitalinCocaineCaffeineLSDMescalinePsilocybinPCPMarijuanaHashishRelaxation, lowered inhibitions, reduced intensity of physical sensations, digestive upsets, body heat loss, reduced muscular coordination.Relaxation, lowered inhibitions, reduced intensity of physical sensations, digestive upsets, body heat loss, reduced muscular coordinationSuppression of pain, lowered blood pressure and respiratory rate, constipation, disruption of menstrual cycle, hallucinations, sleepIncreased blood pressure and pulse rate, appetite loss, increased alertness, dilated and dried out bronchi, restlessness, insomniaDistorted perceptions, hallucinations, confusion, vomitingSedation, euphoria, increased appetite, altered mental processesLoss of body control, passing out (also causing physical injuries), susceptibility to pneumonia, cessation of breathingPassing out, loss of body control, stupor, severe depression ofrespiration, possible death (Effects are exaggerated when used in combination with alcohol— synergistic effect.)Clammy skin, convulsions, coma, respiratory depression, possible deathParanoid reaction, temporary psychosis, irritability, convulsions, palpitations (not generally true for caffeine)Psychosis, hallucinations, vomiting, anxiety, panic, stupor.With PCP: Aggressive behavior, catatonia, convulsions, coma, high blood pressureDistorted perception, anxiety, panicModerateModerateHighHighHighModerateLiver damage, ulcers, chronic diarrhea, amnesia, vomiting, brain damage, internal bleeding, debilitationAmnesia, confusion, drowsiness, personality changesDepressed sexual drive, lethargy, general physical debilitation, infections, hepatitisPsychosis, insomnia, paranoia, nervous system damage (not generally true for caffeine)Psychosis, continued hallucinations, mental disruptionAmotivation (loss of drive)Convulsions, shakes, hallucinations, loss of memory, uncontrolled muscular spasms, psychosisWatery eyes, runny nose, severe back pains, stomach cramps, sleeplessness, nausea, diarrhea, sweating, muscle spasmsSevere depression, both physical and mental (not true for caffeine)Occasional flashback phenomena, depressionNo true withdrawal symptoms except possible depression
Some drugs that are classified as neither stimulants nor depressants have adverse effects on flying. For example, some antibiotics can produce dangerous side effects, such as balance disorders, hearing loss, nausea, and vomiting. While many antibiotics are safe for use while flying, the infection requiring the antibiotic may prohibit flying. In addition, unless specifically prescribed by a physician, do not take more than one drug at a time, and never mix drugs with alcohol, because the effects are often unpredictable.
　
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