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In Colombia, a multi-engine aircraft crewed with two pilots struck the face of the Andes Mountains. Examination of their FMS revealed they entered a waypoint into the FMS incorrectly by one degree resulting in a flightpath taking them to a point 60 NM off their intended course. The pilots were equipped with the proper charts, their route was posted on the charts, and they had a paper navigation log indicating the direction of each leg. They had all the tools to manage and monitor their flight, but instead allowed the automation to fly and manage itself. The system did exactly what it was programmed to do; it flew on a programmed course into a mountain resulting in multiple deaths. The pilots simply failed to manage the system and inherently created their own hazard. Although this hazard was self-induced, what is notable is the risk the pilots created through their own inattention. By failing to evaluate each turn made at the direction of automation, the pilots maximized risk instead of minimizing it. In this case, a totally avoidable accident become a tragedy through simple pilot error and complacency.
For the GA pilot transitioning to automated systems, it is helpful to note that all human activity involving technical devices entails some element of risk. Knowledge, experience, and mission requirements tilt the odds in favor of safe and successful flights. The advanced avionics aircraft offers many new capabilities and simplifies the basic flying tasks, but only if the pilot is properly trained and all the equipment is working as advertised.
Chapter Summary
This chapter focused on helping the pilot improve his or her ADM skills with the goal of mitigating the risk factors associated with flight in both classic and automated aircraft. In the end, the discussion is not so much about aircraft, but about the people who fly them.
A-1
Appendix
Short Field Takeoff Distance at 2,450 Pounds for a Cessna Model 172R
A-2
Time, Fuel, and Distance to Climb at 2,450 Pounds for a Cessna Model 172R
A-3
Cruise Performance for a Cessna Model 172R
A-4
Short Field Landing Distance at 2,450 Pounds for a Cessna Model 172R
A-5
0
500 1,000 1,500 2,000 2,500 3,000 3,500 4,000 4,5004,2193,6005,8404,9403,4653,401SLISA6,4325,2349,4007,7554,8044,5355,000 ftISA +20°C40,00035,00050,00046,00030,000 2:00 4:00 6:00 8:00 9:50Conditions: 26,985 lb BOW, M 0.74 cruise speed, ISA, zero wind, NBAA IFR reserves (200 NM)Note: Fuel burn figures provided ontop of graph are based on 1,000 lbpayload performance computations.Range (NM)Takeoff Field Length (feet) 3,190 6,570 10,230 14,200 18,105Fuel Burn (lb)Time (hour)GrossTakeoffWeight (lb)MaxPayload3,000 lbPayload1,000 lbPayloadZero Payload
Challenger 605 Range/Payload Profile
A-6
0:00
1:00 2:00 3:00 4:00 5:00 6:00 7:00 8:00 9:00 10:00 11:00 5001,0002,0001,5002,5003,5003,0004,5004,0000Conditions: 26,985 lb BOW, 1,000 lb payload, ISA, zero wind, NBAA IFR reserves (200 NM)M0.80 Cruise SpeedM0.74 Cruise SpeedTime (hour)Distance (NM)771 NM3,550 lb1,685 NM7,570 lb730 NM3,190 lb1,577 NM6,570 lb2,599 NM11,980 lb2,424 NM10,230 lb3,512 NM16,820 lb3,272 NM14,200 lb3,700 NM18,105 lbCHALLENGER 605 TIME AND FUEL VERSUS DISTANCEM0.80 Cruise SpeedTime0:002:004:006:008:008:25Distance (NM)07711,6852,5993,5123,701Fuel (lb)03,5507,57011,98016,82018,105M0.74 Cruise SpeedTime0:002:004:006:008:009:50Distance (NM)07301,5772,4243,2724,045Fuel (lb)03,1906,57010,23014,20018,105Conditions: 1,000 lb payload, ISA, zero wind, NBAA IFR reserves (200 NM alternate), 26,985 lb BOWNote: All Challenger 605 performance data are for discussion purposes only. By this document, Bombardier Inc., does not intend to make, and is not making, any offer, commitment, representation or warranty of any kind whatsoever. All data are subject to change without prior notice. 4,045 NM18,105 lb
Challenger 605 Time and Fuel Versus Distance
A-7
420
430 440 450 460 470 480 4900.1600.1500.1800.1700.1900.2100.2000.2300.2400.220Conditions: 40,000 lb mid-cruise weight, zero wind, ISASpeed (KTAS)Specific Range (NM/lb)CHALLENGER 605 SPECIFIC RANGENote: All Challenger 605 performance data are for discussion purposes only. By this document, Bombardier Inc., does not intend to make, and is not making, any offer, commitment, representation or warranty of any kind whatsoever. All data are subject to change without prior notice. M 0.74 Cruise SpeedM 0.80 Cruise SpeedM 0.82 Cruise SpeedFL 390FL 370FL 350FL 330FL 310Plotting of constant FL linesFlight LevelM0.82M0.80M0.74290SpeedSpc Range310Speed481469434Spc Range0.1650.1780.199330Speed477465430Spc Range0.1740.1880.208350Speed473461427Spc Range0.1810.1970.216370Speed470459424Spc Range0.1850.2040.222390Speed459424Spc Range0.2050.223Plotting of Long Range Cruise and High Speed Cruise linesFL290FL310FL330FL350FL370FL390M0.74 "X"434430427424424M0.74 "Y"0.1990.2080.2160.2220.223M0.80 "X"469465461459459M0.80 "Y"0.1780.1880.1970.2040.205M0.82 "X"481477473470M0.82 "Y"0.1650.1740.1810.185Note: Based on 40,000 lb mid-cruise weight, ISA Conditions, zero wind
　
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