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examples of CO sources at airports and air bases are ground support equipment and combustion
stationary sources.
CO enters the bloodstream and reduces oxygen delivery to the body's organs and tissues. Its most
serious effects occur at high concentrations, and therefore it tends to be a localized problem. CO
may produce adverse health effects such as headaches, work capacity impairment, learning
ability impairment, dizziness, weakness, nausea, vomiting, loss of muscular control, increasing
and decreasing respiratory rates, collapse, unconsciousness, or death. The health threat from CO
is most serious for those who suffer from cardiovascular disease. Healthy individuals also can be
affected, but only at higher concentrations.
C1.3 Particulates (PM-10)
Particulate matter includes solid and liquid material suspended in the atmosphere. Particulates
form as a result of incomplete combustion. Particulate emission rates are somewhat higher at low
power rates than at high power rates since combustion efficiency improves at higher engine
power. Most particulate material is not inhaled because of its large size. PM-10, fine particles
less than 10 micrometers in diameter, are likely to be responsible for adverse health effects.
They are not easily filtered from the air by the body and subsequently are inhaled into the lungs.
Therefore, in 1987, the EPA replaced the earlier total suspended particulate (TSP) standard with
a standard for PM-10. Examples of PM-10 include dust, fog, and fumes. The level of PM-10 in
the atmosphere is largely affected by wind and rainfall conditions. Aircraft are the primary
source of PM-10 emissions at airports and air bases. Other airport and air base PM-10 sources
include ground access vehicles, industrial operations, construction vehicles, and construction
activities.
PM-10 may produce adverse health effects including effects on breathing and respiratory
symptoms, aggravation of existing respiratory and cardiovascular disease, alterations in the
body's defense systems against foreign materials, damage to lung tissue, carcinogenesis, and
premature mortality. The elderly, children, individuals with chronic obstructive pulmonary or
cardiovascular disease, influenza, and asthma are most likely to be sensitive to the effects of fine
particulate matter.
C-8
C1.4 Sulfur Dioxide (SO2)
Sulfur oxides (SOx) are gases produced from industrial processes (e.g., the burning of sulfurcontaining
fuels such as coal and oil). Emissions of SOx depend entirely on the sulfur content of
the fuel. Approximately 95 percent of sulfur oxides are sulfur dioxide (SO2). SO2 is a relatively
stable, colorless gas with a strong suffocating odor. Very little SO2 is emitted from any aviation
source.
Exposure to high concentrations of SO2 may produce adverse health effects such as throat and
lung irritations, swelling and accumulation of fluid in the throat and lungs, nasal bleeding, and
aggravation of existing respiratory and cardiovascular disease. People most sensitive to SO2
include asthmatics, individuals with cardiovascular disease or chronic lung disease (e.g.,
bronchitis, emphysema), children, and the elderly. In addition, SO2 and nitrogen oxides are the
major precursors for acid rain.
C1.5 Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2)
Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) is a poisonous, reddish-brown to dark brown gas with an irritating odor.
As discussed above in the context of ozone, NO2 forms when nitric oxide (NO) reacts with
atmospheric oxygen (O2). Most sources of NO2 are man-made sources; the primary source of
NO2 is high-temperature combustion. Significant sources of NO2 at airports and air bases are
boilers, aircraft operations, and vehicle operations. NO2 emissions from these sources are highest
during high-temperature combustion, such as aircraft takeoff mode.
NO2 may produce adverse health effects such as nose and throat irritations, coughing, choking,
headaches, nausea, stomach or chest pains, and lung inflammations (e.g., bronchitis, pneumonia).
The effects of short-term exposure are still unclear, but continued or frequent exposure to
concentrations higher than those normally found in the ambient air may cause increased
incidence of acute respiratory disease in children.
C1.6 Lead (Pb)
Lead (Pb) is a heavy metal solid that is bluish-white to silvery gray in color. Lead occurs in the
atmosphere as lead oxide aerosol or lead dust. Historically a significant source of lead in the air
at airports and air bases was ground access vehicles operating on leaded gasoline. The amount of
lead emissions from vehicles has decreased, however, due to the significant Federal controls on
leaded gasoline and the resultant increase in the use of unleaded gasoline in catalyst-equipped
　
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