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Where: ET - total HC emissions, in pounds, resulting from pre-flight safety checks
LTOL - number of landing and takeoff cycles by piston-engine aircraft during the
period of interest, excluding landing and takeoff cycles by itinerant aircraft
Equation D- 1: Emissions from Pre-Flight Safety Checks
ET = 0.15 lb/day/based aircraft x Ab x D
Where: ET - total HC emissions, in pounds, resulting from diurnal losses
Ab - number of aircraft based in the region of interest
D - number of days in the period of interest
Equation D- 2: Emissions from Diurnal Temperature Changes
D3.2 Data Sources
The calculation data inputs vary based on the calculation methodology used. If the detailed
calculation methodology is being utilized to calculate exhaust emissions, data inputs needed are
aircraft type and number of LTOs, engine type and number, engine emission indices and fuel
flow, and time in mode. If the alternative, generalized calculation methodology is being used to
calculate exhaust emissions, data inputs needed are number of LTOs and the generalized
emission factors. For evaporative emissions from pre-flight safety checks and diurnal
temperature changes, total piston-engine aircraft LTOs and number of based aircraft are needed.
Inputs for calculating refueling losses are discussed in the EPA Office of Air and Radiation
memorandum from Mary Manners to Susan Willis dated October 20, 1996; Subject: Revised
Methodology for Calculating the Refueling Losses for General Aviation Aircraft.
D3.2.1 Aircraft Type and Number of LTOs
Site-specific aircraft fleet and activity data (i.e., LTOs by aircraft type for an airport or air base)
is not readily available. Potential sources of site-specific aircraft fleet and activity data include
sampling and aircraft and airport operators. Potential sources of site-specific local and total
activity (i.e., local or total LTOs for an airport or air base) include records of aircraft or airport
operators. Local and total activity by airport are available from FAA Airport Master Records
(Form 5010-1) (Reference 54) or FAA Air Traffic Activity (Reference 59). FAA Airport Master
Records also provide activity data for operations at military air bases.
D-9
D3.2.2 Engine Type and Number
Site-specific engine type and number data is not readily available. Potential sources of sitespecific
engine type and number data include sampling and aircraft operators. Default, typical
aircraft-engine combination data is provided in EPA’s Procedures for Emission Inventory
Preparation, Volume IV, Chapter 5. On-site collection of engine type data is feasible but not
recommended due to the difficulty in identifying specific engine models.
D3.2.3 Engine Emission Indices and Fuel Flow
Emission index and fuel flow data for a limited number of general aviation and air taxi aircraft
engines is included in EPA’s Procedures for Emission Inventory Preparation, Volume IV,
Chapter 5 and in the ICAO Engine Exhaust Emissions Databank. Generally, emission factors are
listed in pounds of pollutant per 1000 pounds of fuel consumed and fuel flow is listed in pounds
per minute. If engine-specific data is not available or sufficient, generalized emission indices, in
pounds per LTO, also are provided in EPA’s Procedures for Emission Inventory Preparation,
Volume IV, Chapter 5.
D3.2.4 Time in Mode
The five operating modes of aircraft standard LTO cycles are approach, taxi/idle-in, taxi/idle-out,
takeoff, and climbout. The methodology for adjusting approach and climbout is described in
EPA’s Procedures for Emission Inventory Preparation, Volume IV, Chapter 5. Potential sources
of site-specific taxi/idle times include aircraft operators, airport operators and on-site
measurement. The time spend in the takeoff mode is fairly standard and will not vary much from
location to location. A standard default time is usually used in emission calculations. Takeoff
default times are provided for several aircraft categories in EPA’s Procedures for Emission
Inventory Preparation, Volume IV, Chapter 5.
D3.2.5 Based Aircraft
Potential sources of site-specific based aircraft data include sampling and airport operators. Total
number of based aircraft by airport also is available from FAA Airport Master Records.
D4. MILITARY AIRCRAFT
D4.1 Methodology
The following discusses the procedures for calculating standard and non-standard LTO exhaust
emissions from military aircraft, whether occurring at a civil or military facility. The USAF
document Calculation Methods for Criteria Air Pollutant Emission Inventories (Reference 23)
also should be consulted for further guidance. Currently, no information is available on
calculating evaporative-related emissions (e.g., refueling emissions) from military aircraft.
　
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