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time group, or a change and time
group, e.g. PROB 30 0507 0800FG
BKN004.
METARs
In North America, heights are in
feet, with °F in USA.
Message Type
METAR means a routine actual
weather report. SPECI means a
significant change off the hour.
Station Identifier
4-letter ICAO indicator for
aerodrome, plus time of observation
in UTC.
Winds
The first three numbers are the
direction to the nearest 10° and the
next two the speed in knots. G
means Gusts. 000000KT is calm,
VRB means variable, less than 3 kts.
Visibility
In statute miles and fractions.
Runway Visual Range (RVR)
10 minute average when visibility is
below 1 sm, and/or RVR less than
6,000 feet. D means a downward
trend, U is Up and N means no
change.
Present Weather
Any precipitation. A minus (-) means
light, no sign is moderate, and +
means heavy. It is described in 7
ways, such as SH for showers, DR
for drifting, FZ for freezing, MI for
shallow, BL for blowing and BC for
batches. See under TAFs for other
codes.
Cloud
Up to 4 cloud groups, in ascending
order of bases, and cumulative, based
on the amount of the sky covered, in
eighths, or oktas. The cloud ceiling is the
height of the first layer that is broken
or overcast. The first group is the
lowest individual layer; the second
the next of more than 2 oktas and
the third the next higher of more
Weather 109
than 4 oktas. A group has 3 letters
for the amount (FEW = 1 to 2
oktas, SCT, or scattered = 3 to 4
oktas; BKN, or broken, = 5 to 7
oktas, and OVC, or overcast = 8
oktas) and 3 for the height of the
cloud base in hundreds of feet above
aerodrome level. For clear sky, this
will be SKC. VV means vertical
visibility in hundreds of feet which, if
you get it at all, means you have an
obscured ceiling. CB means
thunderstorms and is added as
necessary. Clouds may cover the sky,
but not conceal it if transparent,
hence the term opacity. The concealed
amount without layers is in the total
below.
Temperature and Dewpoint
In degrees Celsius, separated by an
oblique stroke. A negative value is
indicated by an M in front of the
appropriate digits, e.g. 10/03 or
‘01/MOI’
Pressure Setting
A=inches of mercury, Q is
hectopascals.
Recent Weather
That seen since the last report, but
not currently relevant, with the
standard present weather code
preceded by the indicator ‘RE’, e.g.
‘RETS’.
Windshear
Included if windshear is reported in
the lowest 1600', in the approach or
departure path, beginning with WS.
Remarks
RMK. Cloud layer types and opacity
in eighths concealed and sea level
pressure in three digits. If you need
hectopascals, place 9 or 10 before
the code and a decimal point before
the last digit.
Auto
Occurs when the reading is done by
a machine. Note that some items
may be missing. Reports are made
on the hour.
SIGMETs
Warning of serious weather
conditions.
PIREPs/AIREPs
Reports by pilots, commencing with
UA. UUA is urgent. An AIREP is a
routine report from air carriers
routing through Canadian airspace
North of 60°N and 80°W, or the
Gander region.
AIRMET
A short term pilot's meteorological
advisory for aircraft in flight which
are not in the forecast or need a
SIGMET.
RAREPs
Radar Reports, stemming from
ground-based weather stations.
CAVOK
Short for Ceiling And Visibility OK,
meaning no cloud below 5,000 feet,
no cunim, at least 6 sm visibility,
with no precipitation,
thunderstorms, shallow fog or low
drifting snow.
Charts
Weather information is issued in
many ways, including the charts
mentioned below. Those showing
expected patterns are prognosis charts,
but they won't be anything like what
you see when you get there.
110 Canadian Private Pilot Studies
Surface Weather
These are made up from station
reports, using symbols to represent
fronts, air masses, etc. Those based
on actual data are analysis charts,
which cover up to 3,000 feet and
anything you can see from the
surface at whatever level.
They are based on observations
made at 00, 06, 12 and 18Z, and
actually issued 2-3 hours after that,
so will be quite old by the time you
depart (exam question).
The Station Circle
Weathermen use a station circle (or
　
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