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3 – readable with difficulty
4 – readable
5 – perfectly readable
ATC
At smaller aerodromes, some of
these may be combined.
Ground Control
The Ground Controller handles all
movements on the manoeuvring
area, including aircraft and vehicles,
and possibly start clearances
(departure clearances given by
Ground are not clearances to
takeoff!). Typically, you would be
talking to Ground up to the holding
point, and afterwards when landing.
Electricity & Radio 137
Tower
For traffic close to the aerodrome,
including the circuit. After takeoff,
you may be asked to change to
Approach (below), but, more typically,
you will stay with the Tower until
clear of the area.
Approach
Sometimes known as Radar, these
controllers sit in a darkened room in
front of radar screens, so have no
visual contact with the traffic they
are dealing with (don't worry, they
are fed frequently).
Radio Failure
Essentially, comply with the last
clearance, which hopefully included
permission to land or clear the area.
If you don’t need to enter controlled
airspace, carry on with the plan,
maintaining VFR as necessary; don't
enter it even if you’ve been
previously cleared. If you must do
so, divert and telephone for
permission first. If you’re already in
controlled airspace, where clearance
has been obtained to the boundary
on leaving, or the field on entering,
proceed as planned. If in doubt,
clear the zone the most direct way as
quickly as possible, avoiding
airfields.
The military have a system of flying
a left or right-handed triangle pattern
that can be seen on radar, although
it's usually only used if you're lost as
well as having a duff radio. Use it as
a last resort, though, because ATC
have other things to look out for
than possible triangles. If they do
recognise your problem, they will
send up a shepherd aircraft to
formate on you and bring you down,
so remain VMC if you can, and as
high as possible so radar can see you
better. If you can squawk Mode C,
do so, because that will give a height
readout to work with. If you can
only receive, fly in a right-handed
pattern for a minute (over 300 knots,
make it two). Fly at best endurance
speed and make each 120 degree
turn as tight as possible. If you can't
transmit either, do the same, but to
the left.
RT Emergency Procedures
Always declare an Emergency, even
if you have to downgrade it later.
Distress
The Distress call (or "MAYDAY") is
used when threatened by grave and
imminent danger and in most urgent
need of immediate assistance (like
when your a single engine fails), you
can use the letters SOS in Morse
Code (… --- …), or the spoken
words MAYDAY, repeated three
times, followed by any relevant
details, like your position. You can
also fire rockets or red lights at short
intervals, together with parachute
flares.
If and when the threat is over, the
Distress call must be cancelled by
notification on ALL frequencies on
which the original message was sent.
To cancel a MAYDAY:
·  State the word MAYDAY once
·  Say ALL STATIONS three
times
·  Aircraft ID
·  Station called
·  Time
·  Name of station in distress
138 Canadian Private Pilot Studies
·  DISTRESS TRAFFIC
ENDED
·  Station called
·  OUT
Urgency
The Urgency call (or "PANPAN")
spoken three times, indicates a very
urgent message concerning the
safety of a ship, aircraft or other
vehicle, or of some person on board
or in sight. If you just wish to
mention you are compelled to land,
but don’t need help right away,
switch the landing lights and/or
navigation lights on and off in an
irregular pattern.
Navigation
Navigation involves taking an
aircraft from place to place without
reference to the ground, except,
perhaps, for checking you’ve got the
right destination! To do this, a
system called Dead Reckoning is used,
which is actually short for Deduced
Reckoning, based on solving a triangle
of velocities, discussed below.
First, however, we need to get
acquainted with the Earth, which is
not actually round, but flatter at the
Poles than at the Equator. For our
purposes, though, and the
　
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