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5-24
5.6.3.3 ROP Indications When Armed   
5-26
5.6.3.4 ROP Indications When Engaged  
5-26
5.6.4 Indications for Auto Brake Disconnection   
5-27
5.7 Operational recommendations for ROW/ROP   
5-28
5.7.1 For the airline   
5-28
5.7.2 For the flight crew  
5-28
5.8 Regulations for ROW/ROP  
5-28
5.9 Manufacturers for ROW/ROP/BTV  
5-29
5.10 Future systems  
5-29
Runway Awareness and Advisory System – RAAS
5.11 Description of RAAS  
5-31
5.11.1  
Approaching Runway – On Ground Advisory – 5-31 Routine 
5.11.1.1 Purpose   
5-31
5.11.1.2 Triggering Conditions  
5-31
5.11.2 On Runway Advisory – Routine   
5-32
5.11.2.1 Purpose   
5-32
5.11.2.2 Triggering Conditions  
5-32
5.11.3 Takeoff on Taxiway Advisory – Non-Routine  
5-32
5.11.3.1 Purpose  
5-32
5.11.3.2 Triggering Conditions  
5-32
5.12 Operational Recommendations for RAAS  
5-33
5.13 Regulations for RAAS  
5-33
5.14 Manufacturer for RAAS  
5-33
5.15 Future Systems  
5-33

The unfortunately famous runway incursions remind the aviation community that
the risk is real:
.. 1977: Tenerife, Canary Islands, 583 fatalities,
.. 2000: Taipei, Taiwan, 83 fatalities,
.. 2001: Milan, Italy, 118 fatalities.
Prevention of runway incursions is of prime importance and must be tackled at all levels (i.e. airport and aircraft systems). Researches are on going to improve the airport navigation in terms of safety and efficiency. They include both ground and on-board systems. AIRBUS actively participates in those researches such as EMMA2 (European airport Movement and Management by A-SMGCS), which encompasses new technologies (ATC clearances through CPDLC, on-board traffic awareness thanks to ADS-B).
Today, two systems are available on AIRBUS aircraft. These two systems are quite different as they are based on different principles.:
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The On-board Airport Navigation System (OANS) is a new system that provides visual indications: the aircraft position on an interactive airport moving map. Therefore, OANS provides the flight crew with a precise aircraft position on an airport surface. OANS is developed by Thales and is integrated in the A380 cockpit. In future standards, OANS will take benefit of emerging technologies (e.g. ground ATC data link clearances, positions of surrounding aircraft thanks to ADS-B).

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The Runway Awareness and Advisory System (RAAS) is an add-on module of the EGPWS by Honeywell. It provides aural indications (call-outs) based on GPS position when operating in the vicinity of a runway (airborne or on ground). RAAS was certified on A320 and A330/A340 family aircraft in 2007. and on A300/A310 family aircraft in 2008.
　
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