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All pilots must be alert to the potential for midair collision and near midair collisions. The general operating and flight rules in 14 CFR part 91 set forth the concept of “See and Avoid.” This concept requires that vigilance shall be maintained at all times, by each person operating an aircraft. Pilots should also keep in mind their responsibility for continuously maintaining a vigilant lookout regardless of the type of balloon being flown and the purpose of the flight. Most midair collision accidents and reported near midair collision incidents occur in good VFR weather conditions and during the hours of daylight.
With regards to balloon operations, the argument can be made that any discussion of collision avoidance applies when dealing with operations close to the ground. When contour flying, or during an approach to a landing site, the potential of collision with trees, power lines, and other obstacles is increased. [Figure 1-4] The techniques used in collision avoidance can be extremely valuable, particularly in the evolution of a balloon flight, as the pilot is perhaps exposed more to the dangers of collision than any other aircraft.
The “See and Avoid” concept relies on knowledge of the limitations of the human eye, and the use of proper visual scanning techniques to help compensate for these limitations. The importance of, and the proper techniques for, visual scanning should be taught to a student pilot at the very beginning of flight training. The competent flight instructor should be familiar with the visual scanning and collision
1-6
F
igure 1-9. Avoid collision.
Figure 1-4. When flying or landing, always be aware of the potential for collision with trees, powerlines, and other obstacles.
avoidance information contained in AC 90-48, Pilot’s Role in Collision Avoidance, and the Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM). Runway Incursion Avoidance
A runway incursion is any occurrence at an airport involving an aircraft, vehicle, person, or object on the ground that creates a collision hazard with an aircraft taking off, landing, or intending to land.
Most balloon flight operations are conducted away from an airport or at airports without an operating control tower. There may be circumstances that require the use of airport property, either for launch or landing and recovery of the balloon. These activities can be safely conducted at an airport, if the balloon pilot remains aware of the movement and location of other aircraft and ground vehicles, and also complies with standard operating procedures and practices. The absence of an operating airport control tower creates a need for increased vigilance on the part of any pilot operating at those airports.
Planning, clear communications, and enhanced situational awareness during airport surface operations reduces the potential for surface incidents. Safe balloon operations can be accomplished and incidents eliminated if the pilot is properly trained early on and, throughout his or her flying career, complies with standard operating procedures and practices when operating on airport property. This requires the development of the formalized teaching of safe operating practices during ground operations. The flight instructor is the key to this teaching. The flight instructor should instill in the student an awareness of the potential for runway incursion. Use of Checklists
Checklists are the foundation of pilot standardization and safety. Checklists aid the memory and help ensure that critical items necessary for the safe operation of the balloon are not overlooked or forgotten. Checklists have no value if they are not used. Pilots who fail to use checklists at the appropriate times are relying instead on memory, become complacent, and increase the odds of making a mistake.
The consistent use of checklists in primary flight training establishes habit patterns that will serve the pilot well throughout his or her flying career. It is important that the flight instructor promote a positive attitude toward the use of checklists so the student pilot recognizes their importance. At a minimum, prepared checklists should be used for the following phases of flight:
• Crew Briefing and Preparation
• Layout and Assembly
• Preflight Inspection
• Inflation
• Passenger Briefing
• Prelaunch Check
• Emergency Procedures
• Postlanding
• Recovery, Deflation, and Packing
Checklists are covered in greater detail in Chapter 6, Layout to Launch.Positive Transfer of Controls
It is imperative that a clear understanding exists between the student and flight instructor of who has control of the balloon during flight training. The flight instructor should conduct a briefing prior to any dual training flight that includes the procedure for the exchange of flight controls. The following three-step process for the exchange of flight controls is highly recommended.
1. When a flight instructor wishes the student to take control of the balloon, he or she should say “You have the flight controls.”
　
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