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At the appropriate time, the examiner retrieves the applicant’s application from the central server, verifies the individual’s identification, and administers the practical test. IACRA has provisions for the issuance of a temporary airman certificate, notice of discontinuance, or notice of disapproval. When the evaluation is completed, and the examiner has completed the appropriate processing, the file is again returned to the Airman Certification Branch. Upon successful completion, the permanent certificate is prepared and forwarded to the pilot.
Chapter Summary
This chapter provides an overview of the FAA, the flight instructor, and DPE’s roles in the qualification and licensing of lighter-than-air pilots. Additionally, the regulatory requirements for both ground and aeronautical training have been outlined.
The reader has also been given some basic information and techniques concerning flight safety practices and aeronautical decision-making. This information is not exhaustive; the student pilot would be well advised to avail himself or herself of other materials published by the FAA and other organizations.
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2-1
Introduction
This chapter presents an introduction to the history of flying balloons, the physics of balloon flight, balloon components, balloon terminology, support equipment, and how to choose a balloon.History
Hot air balloons are the oldest successful human flight technology. The first recorded manned balloon flight was made on November 21, 1783 in a hot air balloon developed by the Montgolfier brothers of France. [Figure 2-1] Flown by Pilatre de Rozier and the Marquis d’Arlandes, the flight lasted 23 minutes and covered 5.5 miles. Although the Montgolfiers are given credit for the first documented flight, there are some earlier claims. The Chinese are credited with using manned kites, and perhaps hot air balloons, some 2,000 years ago, and the Nazcas of Peru may have used smoke-filled balloons.
Hot Air Balloon Design, Systems, and Theory
Chapter 2
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Figure 2-1. Model of the Montgolfier brothers balloon.
Ten days after the successful flight of the Montgolfier balloon, a young physicist, Professor Jacques Charles flew the first gas balloon made of a varnished silk envelope filled with hydrogen. His flight lasted two hours and covered 27 miles, reaching an altitude of 9,000 feet. Begun as an attempt to duplicate and validate the achievements of the Montgolfier brothers, Charles based his experiment on misinformation. He mistakenly believed the Montgolfier brothers used hydrogen to inflate their balloon, so he used hydrogen. Thus, the two kinds of balloons flown today—hot air and gas—were developed in the same year.
Gas ballooning became a sport for the affluent and flourished on a small scale in Europe and the United States. Since ballooning drew crowds, one way to offset the cost of a flight was to charge admission. Ballooning was a perilous undertaking that drew male and female daredevils eager to court danger. The parachute, invented by balloonist Andre Garnerin in 1797 as the means of performing a daring stunt, is probably ballooning’s most significant contribution to flight.
At the turn of the century, the smoke balloon (a canvas envelope heated by fire on the ground) was a common county fair opening event. As the smoke balloon ascended, a man or woman rider balanced on a trapeze attached to the balloon. After the initial climb (about 3,000 feet per minute (fpm)) the hot air cooled and the rider separated from the balloon, deploying a parachute to return to earth.
Balloons also found a home with the military. Napoleon used anchored observation balloons in some of his battles and considered using balloons to ferry troops in his proposed invasion of England. During the American Civil War, both the North and South used tethered observation balloons. In Europe, balloons were used during the 1870 siege of Paris (Franco-Prussian War) to carry messages and important people out of Paris. World War I saw balloons used by both sides for artillery spotting. By World War II, airplanes had replaced balloons for observation and reconnaissance purposes although barrage balloons (several large balloons tethered close together) were often used to discourage low level bombers or dive bombers. The United States Navy contracted with the General Mills Company in the 1950s to develop a small hot air balloon for military purposes. The Navy never used the balloon, but the project created the basis for the modern hot air balloon. With the use of modern materials and technology, hot air ballooning has become an increasingly popular sport.Physics
In concept, the balloon is the simplest of all flying machines. It consists of a fabric envelope filled with a gas that is lighter than the surrounding atmosphere. Since air in the envelope is less dense than its surroundings, it rises, taking the basket filled with passengers or payload with it. A balloon is distinct from other aircraft in that it travels by moving with the wind and cannot be propelled through the air in a controlled manner.
　
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