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Figure 5-1. Basic weather minimums for balloon operations in the different classes of airspace.
This handbook departs from the conventional norm, in that the airspace discussions are presented in reverse order, in the belief that it is much easier to learn the airspace from least complicated to most complicated; also, the information presented for basic visual flight rules (VFR) weather minimums is only that necessary for balloon operations. [Figure 5-1] Other information, specifically for instrument flight rules (IFR) flying or night flight, has been omitted, as it has little or no value to the balloon pilot. For a complete discussion of these issues, the balloon pilot should refer to the AIM, or FAA-H-8083-25, Pilot’s Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge.Airspace Classification
The two categories of airspace are regulatory and non-regulatory. Within these two categories, there are four types: uncontrolled, controlled, special use, and other airspace. Figure 5-2 presents a profile view of the dimensions of various classes of airspace. It will be helpful to refer to this figure as this chapter is studied, as well as remembering that almost all sport balloon operations are conducted in Class E or G airspace. Uncontrolled AirspaceClass G Airspace
Class G or uncontrolled airspace is the portion of the airspace that has not been designated as Class A, B, C, D, or E. Class G airspace extends from the surface to the base of the overlying Class E airspace. Although air traffic control (ATC) has no authority or responsibility to control air traffic within Class G airspace, pilots should remember there are VFR minimums which apply while operating in it. Class G airspace is essentially uncontrolled by ATC except when associated with a temporary control tower. [Figures 5-2 and 5-3]
In the eastern half of the United States, most Class G airspace is overlaid with Class E airspace, beginning at either 700 or 1,200 feet above ground level (AGL). In the western half of the United States, much of the Class G airspace goes up to 14,500 feet before the Class E airspace begins. The pilot is advised to consult the appropriate sectional chart to ensure that he or she is aware of the airspace limits prior to flight in an unfamiliar area.
Most balloon operations are conducted in Class G airspace. There are no communications requirements to operate in Class G airspace. If operations are conducted at an altitude of 1,200
5-3
14,500' MSL
Nontoweredairport withinstrument approachNontoweredairport with no instrument approach700'AGL700'AGL18,000' MSLFL 6001,200'AGL700'AGL1,200'AGL1,200'AGLClass AClass BClass CClass DClass EClass GClass GClass GClass G
Figure 5-2. Dimensions of various classes of airspace.
Class
GMinimum Pilot QualificationsVFR Visibility MinimumVFR Minimum Distance from CloudsStudent certificate1 statute mileClear of clouds
Figure 5-3. Class G airspace.
Class
EMinimum Pilot QualificationsVFR Visibility MinimumVFR Minimum Distance from CloudsStudent certificate3 statute miles500' below, 1,000' above, 2,000' horizontal
Figure 5-4. Class E airspace.
feet or less AGL, the pilot must remain clear of clouds, and there must be one statute mile of visibility. If the operations are conducted more than 1,200 feet AGL, but less than 10,000 feet mean sea level (MSL), visibility requirements remain at one statute mile, but cloud clearances are 1,000 feet above, 500 feet below, and 2,000 feet horizontally from any cloud(s). A popular mnemonic tool used to remember basic cloud clearances is “C152,” a popular fixed-wing training aircraft. In this case, the mnemonic recalls, “Clouds 1,000, 500, and 2,000.”Controlled Airspace
Controlled airspace is a generic term that covers the different classifications of airspace and defined dimensions within which ATC service is provided in accordance with the airspace classification. Controlled airspace consists of:
• Class E
• Class D
• Class C
• Class B
• Class AClass E Airspace
Generally, if the airspace is not Class A, B, C, or D, and is controlled airspace, then it is Class E airspace. Class E airspace extends upward from either the surface or a designated altitude to the overlying or adjacent controlled airspace. [Figures 5-2 and 5-4] Also in this class are federal airways and airspace beginning at either 700 or 1,200 feet AGL used to transition to and from the terminal or en route environment. Unless designated at a lower altitude, Class E airspace begins at 14,500 MSL over the United States, including that airspace overlying the waters within 12 nautical miles (NM) of the coast of the 48 contiguous states and Alaska, up to but not including 18,000 feet MSL, and the airspace above FL 600.
There are no specific communications requirements associated with Class E airspace; however, some Class E airspace locations are designed to provide approaches for instrument approaches, and a pilot would be prudent to ensure that appropriate communications are established when operating near those areas.
　
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