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pilot probably will drop from the sky at an excessive rate
of descent. A common assumption in this situation is that
it is unlikely he will need to use the parachute, but if he
does, will it save his life?
PARACHUTE SERVICE LIFE
There is no service life on the parachute; it may be considered
airworthy as long as it meets its technical standard
order. While the parachute appears to be in good
condition, there are not many non-destructive tests
available to the parachute rigger in the field to make
this determination. It may be possible to drop test the
parachute, but the cost would probably outweigh the
value of the system. It is up to the parachute rigger to
make the determination as to the airworthiness of the
parachute system. When the parachute rigger seals the
parachute and signs the data card, the rigger is saying it is
ready, thereby putting the customer’s life on the line.
What should the parachute rigger do? This is not just a
theoretical situation—it is one that has been experienced
many times by many parachute riggers. All of the above
information plus economic factors complicate the parachute
rigger’s decision. If the rigger does not pack the
parachute, the pilot may take it down the road to another
parachute rigger for a second opinion who may not have
the same standards. An added factor is liability exposure.
If the parachute rigger signs off on a questionable parachute
and an accident occurs later, the rigger may be
exposed to disciplinary action from the Administrator in
addition to civil action in the courts. There are no hard and
fast rules in these situations, but instead, the parachute rigger
must exercise the best judgment the rigger can summon
based on experience and the information at hand.
Most professional parachute riggers would refuse to pack
the parachute described in the scenario above, due to a
combination of age, the size of the individual, and the
potential use parameters.
1-10
2-1
It is important for the aspiring rigger to understand basic
design parameters and construction techniques of modern
parachute systems. The master rigger must have a thorough
understanding of these areas to perform any desired
or necessary alterations. An understanding of how the
systems or components were originally designed, and
why they were constructed as they were, is essential. Any
proposed alteration may degrade the function and/or
structural integrity of the assembly or component, thereby
causing it to fail.
The design parameters for certificated parachutes are set
forth in Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) documents,
specifically within the Technical Standard Order
(TSO) system. Parachute certification standards fall
within the TSO C23 series. Currently, there are three TSO
documents under which parachutes are manufactured.
They are C23b, C23c, and C23d. Appendix I explains
these standards in detail. Military parachutes are manufactured
and certified under a military drawing system;
however, some manufacturers have certified them under
the TSO system as well.
COMPONENT PARTS
Parachute assemblies and component parts are identified in
the following discussion. The appropriate nomenclature, as
well as the commonly accepted names, are defined below.
MAIN PARACHUTE
The main parachute assembly, excluding the harness, is
used in conjunction with a reserve parachute assembly as
the primary parachute assembly for a premeditated jump.
The main canopy consists of everything from the main
riser connector links to the bridle attachment point
(excluding the steering toggles). The major parts are the
suspension lines and the canopy, as shown in figure 2-1.
RESERVE PARACHUTE
The reserve parachute is worn in conjunction with a
main parachute used for premeditated jumps. The reserve
parachute consists of everything from the reserve riser
connector links to the bridle attachment point (excluding
the steering toggles). The major parts are the canopy, suspension
lines, and any type of deployment device that is
sewn to the canopy or lines.
EMERGENCY PARACHUTE
The emergency parachute, excluding the harness, is
worn for emergency, unpremeditated use only. The
canopy may be identical to the reserve parachute.
HARNESS/CONTAINER
The harness and container assembly includes all the
remaining parts necessary to complete an airworthy parachute
system except for the canopies. The basic harness/
container assembly is what remains when all items
that can be removed without unstitching have been
removed. Most sport parachute assemblies have the harness
　
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