曝光臺 注意防騙 網曝天貓店富美金盛家居專營店坑蒙拐騙欺詐消費者

Mar. 7, 1996]
FIGURE 7-4-1: Appendix E—Guidelines for Employer Compliance (continued)
Emergency Aid and Safety Hazard Communication and Material Safety Data Sheets
Guidelines on Opening Containers Containing Commodities Under Controlled Atmosphere (CA) Storage
10/2002-04 Treatment Manual 7-4-9
PPQ
Guidelines on Opening Containers Containing Commodities Under Controlled
Atmosphere (CA) Storage
Controlled atmosphere (CA) is being used more and more commonly to
preserve the quality of fresh produce during and shipment, especially
during long voyages. It also has the advantage of reducing the number
of many of the pests that may be present. In most cases, however,
insufficient research has been done on enough pest species for APHIS
to accept CA as a stand-alone quarantine treatment, although this
could change in the future.
Opening and inspecting a container known or suspected to be under
CA poses a safety risk to the inspector, and to others in the immediate
vicinity. A placard is usually posted on the doors of the container prior
to shipment, stating that the fresh produce is being shipped under CA.
Also, a monitoring device, indicating the kinds and levels of gases in
the mixture, should be present. If the monitor is not functioning
properly, it is possible to use gas detector tubes specific for oxygen
and carbon dioxide. If the nitrogen or carbon dioxide levels are high, or
the oxygen level is low, the inspector must not enter the container
immediately, because of the high risk of asphyxiation. This risk is very
insidious, because the potential victim usually does not recognize the
danger signs.
Oxygen (O2)
Gases within a CA space normally contain only 3% oxygen or less. The
lowest oxygen level considered safe is 19.5%. A personal oxygen
monitor (worn by the inspector) would set off an alarm at that level.
An oxygen level of 6% or less causes loss of consciousness within 45
seconds.Breathing is in gasps, followed by convulsive movements,
then breathing stops. The heart may continue beating for a few
minutes, then stops. If the person attempting to rescue is not
equipped with a SCBA, there is a high probability that this person will
also become a victim of asphyxiation.
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
Gases within a CA space often contain high levels of CO2. Although
this is a common compound, it can also be deadly--a fact often
overlooked. Breathing pure CO2 will cause immediate death. Even at
concentrations over 15%, death can be rapid. Above 10%, CO2 causes
unconsciousness (coma). At 8%, CO2 causes headache, nausea,
vomiting, and may lead to unconsciousness. Concentrations as low as
WARNING
It should be noted that normal air contains 78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen, and
0.03 to 0.04% carbon dioxide (CO2). Health risk to the inspector occurs when
the oxygen level is too low, or the levels of nitrogen or CO2 are too high.
Emergency Aid and Safety Hazard Communication and Material Safety Data Sheets
Acronyms and Abbreviations Used in This Section
7-4-10 Treatment Manual 10/2002-04
PPQ
4 to 5% cause rapid, labored breathing, slight choking, and headache.
The threshold limit value (TLV), the highest level at which a person
can work without adverse effect, is 0.05% or 5 ppm.
If dangerous gas levels are determined to be present, then the
container must be aerated prior to inspection, preferably by using the
container's own recirculation system, set in “exhaust” mode. Aeration
may also be done passively, or by the use of fans, or by means of a
fan-assisted aeration duct.
Aerate for at least one hour, then recheck gas levels. Proceed with
cargo inspection only when safe levels have been reached. The safe
waiting time (to achieve at least 19.5% oxygen in the accessible portion
of the container) depends upon several factors:
◆ The type of produce and how it is packed
◆ The extent of holes in the boxes
◆ Packing density of the boxes
◆ Pallet spacing, and return-flow ribs in the floor of the container
◆ Amount of head-space above the load
◆ Whether the recirculation blower is on or off
◆ Percentage of oxygen in the controlled atmosphere
At ports receiving CA containers, periodic training/awareness sessions
are needed, and policies clearly spelled out.
Acronyms and Abbreviations Used in This Section
a.i. active ingredient
ACGIH American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists
ADI Acceptable Daily Intake
APHIS Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service
BBEP Biotechnology, Biologics, and Environmental Protection
bw body weight
CAS Chemical Abstracts Service
cc cubic centimeters
　
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