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Percent 20% 30% 50%
Figure 4. Mixed sampling data sheet for recording scan and continuous data. Scan data are recorded at
the beginning of the interval, and continuous data are recorded throughout the interval.
DSTO-TR-1034
15
Project: The Effect of BCSS on Workload Date:
31/03/2003 Time: 1300-1330
Observer: VM Subject: OPS Cell Phase: No BCSS Trial
Number: 3
Time Beh. 1 Beh. 2 Beh. 3 Beh. 4 Beh. 6 Beh. 7 Other Comments
0:00:30 1 1 0 0 0 1 0
0:01:00 0 0 0 0 1 1 0
0:01:30 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0:02:00 0 1 1 0 0 1 1
0:02:30 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0:03:00 0 0 1 1 0 0 0
0:03:30 1 1 0 0 0 0 1
0:04:00 0 1 1 1 1 1 1
0:04:30 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0:05:00 1 1 0 0 0 0 0
Total 3 5 3 2 2 4 3
Percent 30% 50% 30% 20% 20% 40% 30%
Figure 5. Data sheet for recording one-zero interval. A “1” is entered if the behaviour is observed at
any frequency during the interval. Rather than being a true percentage of behaviour levels, this gives a
measure of the percentage of time in which the behaviour was observed.
Project: The Effect of BCSS on Workload
Date: 31/03/2003 Time: 1300-1330
Observer: VM Subject: OPS Cell Phase: No BCSS
Trial Number: 3
Interval Behaviour coded in sequence Comments
0:00:30 ACFD
0:01:00 ADDFG
0:01:30 BBCBA
0:02:00 A
0:02:30 A
0:03:00 CBCA
0:03:30 DEDFGEE
0:04:00 AABAB
0:04:30 GEEA
0:05:00 CBCA
Figure 6. Data sheet for recording sequences of behaviour
3.11 Replication and Inter-Observer Reliability
A critical component of observational data collection is inter-observer reliability. The
methods used must be clear and defined enough to be easily replicated. This means
that unequivocal behaviour definitions are particularly important. It is also
important for a high level of intra-observer reliability. This ensures that the observer
is reliable from session to session.
Inter-observer reliability is tested by having at least two observers collect data
simultaneously. Testing intra-observer reliability requires video or audio records,
with the observer coding the same set of data at least twice. The duration of an
observer reliability session should be equivalent to the observation period. For fast
tempo observations, the reliability test should cover ½-1 hour of data collection,
while this should be increased to 2-3 hrs during slower tempo observations. The data
are then compared, and a percentage of agreement is calculated, using the following
formula: % Agreement = (Agreements/Agreements + Disagreements) x 100. 85% is
considered to be an acceptable level of agreement. As well as the crude percentage,
there are also statistical methods that take chance agreement into account (eg. Kappa
scores) (Lehner, 1979).
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4. Categories of C2 Behaviour
4.1 Existing Categories of Team Behaviour
Before conducting preliminary observations, it is important to examine the literature
to see if existing categories and/or taxonomies have been determined. As mentioned
in the Introduction, navy and aviation C2 teams have been extensively studied in the
U.S. This work has delineated numerous factors related to team performance, as well
as a taxonomy of battle command. Table 1 presents a summary of teamwork factors
that have emerged from previous research, and a description of the associated
observable behaviours.
Table 1. Teamwork dimensions and observable behaviours
Dimension Definition Observable Behaviours
Assertiveness The willingness to make
decisions and act on them,
to defend decisions, and to
admit ignorance and ask
questions.
• Ask clarifying questions
• Maintain position if challenged
• Make suggestions
• Offer opinion in decisions
Mission
Analysis/Decision
Making
The degree to which the
team uses sound
judgement, to select the
best course of action, based
on available information.
• Define tasks in terms of mission
requirements
• Identify short and long term plan
• Critique plan
• Gather information
• Cross-check information
• State contingencies/alternatives
• State consequences of actions
• State implications of unplanned
events
• Allocate and monitor resources
Adaptability/
Flexibility
The degree to which the
team is able to alter
plans/decisions in the face
of changing conditions.
• Alter course of action
• Step in and help others faced
with problem
• Redistribute workload
• Reorganise the team roles
　
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