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時間:2011-03-20 12:07來源:藍天飛行翻譯 作者:admin
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Reverse Thrust Operations Reverse Thrust and Crosswind (All Engines)

 

This figure shows a directional control problem during a landing rollout on a slippery runway with a crosswind. As the airplane starts to weathervane into the wind, the reverse thrust side force component adds to the crosswind component and drifts the airplane to the downwind side of the runway. Main gear tire cornering forces available to counteract this drift are at a minimum when the antiskid system is operating at maximum braking effectiveness for the existing conditions.
To correct back to the centerline, reduce reverse thrust to reverse idle and release the brakes. This minimizes the reverse thrust side force component without the requirement to go through a full reverser actuation cycle, and improve tire cornering forces for realignment with the runway centerline. Use rudder pedal steering and differential braking as required, to prevent over correcting past the runway centerline. When re-established near the runway centerline, apply maximum braking and symmetrical reverse thrust to stop the airplane.
Reverse Thrust - EEC in the Alternate Mode (as installed)
Use normal reverse thrust techniques, modulating reverse levers as required to remain within maximum EPR/N1 limits computed by the Thrust Management Computer (TMC) and displayed on the engine instruments.
Reverse Thrust - Engine Inoperative
Asymmetrical reverse thrust may be used with one engine inoperative. Use normal reverse thrust procedures and techniques with the operating engine. If directional control becomes a problem during deceleration, return thrust lever to reverse idle detent.


Crosswind Landings
The crosswind guidelines shown below were derived through flight test data, engineering analysis and piloted simulation evaluations. These crosswind guidelines are based on steady wind (no gust) conditions and include all engines operating and engine inoperative. Gust effects were evaluated and tend to increase pilot workload without significantly affecting the recommended guidelines.

Landing Crosswind Guidelines
Crosswind guidelines are not considered limitations. Crosswind guidelines are
provided to assist operators in establishing their own crosswind policies. On slippery runways, crosswind guidelines are a function of runway surface condition, airplane loading, and assume proper pilot technique.
Runway Condition  Crosswind - Knots * 
Dry  40 *** 
Wet  40 *** 
Standing Water/Slush  20 
Snow - No Melting **  35 *** 
Ice - No Melting **  17 

Note: Reduce crosswind guidelines by 5 knots on wet or contaminated runways whenever asymmetric reverse thrust is used.
*Winds measured at 33 feet (10 m) tower height and apply for runways 148 feet (45m) or greater in width.
** Landing on untreated ice or snow should only be attempted when no melting is present.
*** Sideslip only (zero crab) landings are not recommended in crosswinds in excess of 28 knots (757-200) or 25 knots (757-300). This recommendation ensures adequate ground clearance and is based on maintaining adequate control margin.


Crosswind Landing Techniques
Three methods of performing crosswind landings are presented. They are the touchdown in a crab, the de-crab technique (with removal of crab in flare), and the sideslip technique. Whenever a crab is maintained during a crosswind approach, offset the flight deck on the upwind side of centerline so that the main gear touches down in the center of the runway.
De-Crab During Flare
The objective of this technique is to maintain wings level throughout the approach, flare, and touchdown. On final approach, a crab angle is established with wings level to maintain the desired track. Just prior to touchdown while flaring the airplane, downwind rudder is applied to eliminate the crab and align the airplane with the runway centerline.
As rudder is applied, the upwind wing sweeps forward developing roll. Hold wings level with simultaneous application of aileron control into the wind. The touchdown is made with cross controls and both gear touching down simultaneously. Throughout the touchdown phase upwind aileron application is utilized to keep the wings level.
Touchdown In Crab
The airplane can land using crab only (zero side slip) up to the landing crosswind
guideline speeds. (See the landing crosswind guidelines table, this chapter). On dry runways, upon touchdown the airplane tracks toward the upwind edge of the runway while de-crabbing to align with the runway. Immediate upwind aileron is needed to ensure the wings remain level while rudder is needed to track the runway centerline. The greater the amount of crab at touchdown, the larger the lateral deviation from the point of touchdown. For this reason, touchdown in a crab only condition is not recommended when landing on a dry runway in strong crosswinds.
 
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本文鏈接地址:757 Flight Crew Training Manual 機組訓練手冊(74)

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