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E.1.  Surface Craft Distress
 If a distressed vessel has foundered before the arrival of rescue units, the most probable objects to look for will be lifeboats, rafts, debris, oil, and personnel in the water.  Lifeboats may vary in size from 12 to 50 or more feet in length and be of any color.  Rafts may also be of any color and are found in a variety of sizes and shapes ranging from 4 feet in diameter and box shaped to 20 feet in diameter and circular.
 
E.1.a.  Debris
 Initially, the scene of the disaster may be marked by debris and perhaps an oil slick.  The debris will be found downwind of the oil slick and boats and rafts are typically downwind of the debris, since they are more affected by wind unless provided with drogues.  Persons in the water are usually found in the area of the debris.  Floating objects should be carefully examined for any evidence of persons clinging to those objects.  Upwind areas should not be ignored since, if the vessel was abandoned some time before sinking, lifeboats, rafts, and personnel may have propelled themselves upwind of the point of foundering.  Search units should search both upwind and downwind of the oil and debris area.
 
E.1.b.  Small Craft
 Small craft, such as yachts and fishing vessels, usually carry only small dinghies.  Some have only balsa or pneumatic rafts, while others have only life jackets.  Dinghies may be any color.
 
E.1.c.  Distress Signals
 Lifeboats from large vessels are normally equipped with ample pyrotechnic visual distress signals (VDS) and if more than one boat is launched, they can expect to be grouped or tied together, making sighting easier.  Boats and rafts from small craft usually have a limited supply of VDSs, frequently no more than the minimum required by law.
 
E.2.  Aircraft Distress
 Aircraft distress searches take place over land or water areas.
 

 
E.2.a.  Search Over Land Areas
 If the search for a downed aircraft is partially over land areas, observers should be briefed to look for broken or scarred trees, bits of shiny metal beneath the trees, burned out areas which look fresh, and parachutes or visual ground signals which may have been set out by survivors.  Although there is an altitude exemption for executing SAR cases, pilots should adhere to FAA altitude restrictions unless there is a specific reason to do otherwise, especially on searches over land.  The PIC and crew must remain consistently cognizant of situational awareness and high obstructions.
 
E.2.b.  Search Over Water
 In a search over water for survivors of an aircraft accident, observers should be briefed to look for scattered wreckage; such as oxygen bottles, floor boards, pieces of debris, partial or whole rafts, or seat cushions.  In some cases, there may be nothing other than an oil slick.
　
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