. Stress and performance

. Decision-making

. Attitude and crew performance

. Effective communication

. Information processing

 
A.3.  Principles of CRM and Risk Management
 The principles of CRM and risk management are an essential part of the Coast Guard Auxiliary Aviation Program.  These principles also apply even in the single-pilot environment by using all available resources both in the cockpit and on the surface.  The human factor is the single most important element for safe and effective aircraft operations.  An understanding of CRM will help the pilot to better utilize the crew and at the same time will help the crew to understand that they must take an active part in the operation of each flight.
 

 
 
Section B. CRM Study

 
Introduction
 The following CRM study emerged from the circumstances surrounding the crash of a DC-8 on approach to the Portland, Oregon International Airport on 28 December 1978.  The investigation revealed that the captain, a pilot with over 27,000 flight hours, 5,500 hours in type, lost “situational awareness” while attempting to resolve a minor problem with the landing gear.  This loss of situational awareness, manifesting itself in the captain’s disregard for the input from his first officer and engineer, resulted in the aircraft running out of fuel 6 nautical miles (NM) from the airport.
The three key concepts in the above study are:
. All crewmembers should participate in all aspects of the flight.

. All crewmembers should have an understanding of the basic elements for a safe flight. 

. All crewmembers should be able to communicate effectively within the flight environment.

 
B.1.  Probable Cause
 The National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) investigation concluded probable cause to be the captain’s failure to:
. Monitor the aircraft fuel state.

. Respond to the low fuel indications.

. Respond to the crewmembers’ advisories regarding the fuel state.

Contributing to the accident was the failure of the other two flight crewmembers to either fully comprehend the critical nature of the fuel state or to successfully communicate their concerns to the captain.
 
B.2.  Safety Recommendation
 All commercial air carriers should be encouraged to have their flight crews indoctrinated in the principals of flight deck resource management with particular emphasis on the merits of participatory management for captains and assertive training for other cockpit crew members.  As a result of the investigation and the recommendation of the NTSB, that airline, and three other airlines, immediately started presenting CRM training to their flight crews.  In addition, a spin-off training called Line Oriented Flight Training (LOFT), was derived.  LOFT training is accomplished in simulators where flight crews are confronted with emergencies, or other situations that require and measure their ability to interact effectively to resolve problems.
　
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