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Different applications are in place to satisfy this common view according to the stated objective below.
An Aviation Community organisation with its facilities, equipment and systems shall be designed and operated so that for any risk the combination of probability of occurrence and seriousness of the consequences of the hazard occurring must not result in a level of risk that is unacceptable.
Risk Assessment and Mitigation in ATM is described in ESARR4 and further supported through the guidance material available.

AGA, AERODROMES AND GROUND AIDS
For aerodrome operators there are provisions written in ICAO Annex 14 about implementation of an SMS. ICAO has also issued a Manual on Aerodrome Certification that includes SMS, Doc. 9774. The GASR has approved Model regulations including guidelines on aerodrome safety assessment which they support with the Fact Based Resource Optimisation, FRO system (the FRO system paper is found at the end of this document).
OPS, AIRCRAFT OPERATIONS
For the Flight Operations side JAA has issued JAR OPS 1 and 3 containing Quality System requirements.
Reference material
ICAO Annex 11 section 2.26,
Annex 13 REPORTING OF RUNWAY INCURSIONS “in view of the importance of finding solutions to alleviate the problem
of runway incursions, States be urged to report such occurrences in accordance with Annex 13.” EANPG/44 Meeting (Paris,
2-5 December 2002).
ESARR3 Safety Management Systems in ATM ESARR4 Risk Assessment and Mitigation in ATM EUROCONTROL Safety Management Implementation Plan
JAR-OPS GASR Proposal for model regulations GASR Guidelines to Safety Assessment GASR Aerodrome Audit Report Template
Useful Web site addresses
http://www.eurocontrol.int/src/index.html http://www.eurocontrol.int/safety/GuidanceMaterials_SafetyPolicyImplementationGuide.htm http://www.jaa.nl
FACT BASED RESOURCE OPTIMISATION, FRO-SYSTEM
1. Background
In terms of risk contribution all enterprises being either aerodromes, air traffic services or the flight operator contributes to risk differently and thus affect airworthiness both operationally and technically.
In a safety management system a full information support is needed in order to find all system deficiencies. It is also essential that the resources available are optimised for the task of obtaining maximum cost efficiency i.e. ALARP (As Low As Reasonably Practicable, the principle of not putting more resources into the effort than to achieve an acceptable safety objective).
The concept in this paper contains a model for a system solution in handling of the optimisation process. The model is applicable for all types of branches and organisations within the aviation industry.

2. Strategies and Main Objective
The FRO-system shall process information from both the inspection/audit findings and the outcome from accident/incident investigation and deviation reporting of occurrences related to flight safety.
　
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本文鏈接地址：European Action Plan for the Prevention of Runway Incursions(56)