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d) pilot experience;
e) navigation equipment carried and if any navigation aid
signals are being received;
f) SSR Mode and code selected if relevant;
g) departure and destination aerodromes;
h) number of persons on board;
i) endurance.
15.3.1.2 If communications with the aircraft are weak or
distorted, it should be suggested that the aircraft climb to a
higher level, provided weather conditions and other circumstances
permit.
15.3.1.3 Navigation assistance to help the pilot determine
the aircraft position may be provided by use of radar,
direction-finder, navigation aids or sighting by another aircraft.
Care must be taken when providing navigation assistance to
ensure that the aircraft does not enter cloud.
Note.— The possibility of a VFR flight becoming strayed
as a result of encountering adverse weather conditions must be
recognized.
15.3.1.4 The pilot should be provided with reports and
information on suitable aerodromes in the vicinity where
visual meteorological conditions exist.
15.3.1.5 If reporting difficulty in maintaining or unable
to maintain VMC, the pilot should be informed of the
minimum flight altitude of the area where the aircraft is, or is
believed to be. If the aircraft is below that level, and the
position of the aircraft has been established with a sufficient
degree of probability, a track or heading, or a climb, may be
suggested to bring the aircraft to a safe level.
15.3.1.6 Radar assistance to a VFR flight should only be
provided upon the request or concurrence of the pilot. The type
of radar service to be provided should be agreed with the pilot.
15.3.1.7 When providing radar assistance in adverse
weather conditions, the primary objective should be to bring
the aircraft into VMC as soon as possible. Caution must be
exercised to prevent the aircraft from entering cloud.
15.3.1.8 Should circumstances be such that IMC cannot
be avoided by the pilot, the following guidelines may be
followed:
a) other traffic on the ATC frequency not able to provide
any assistance may be instructed to change to another
frequency to ensure uninterrupted communications
with the aircraft; alternatively the aircraft being
assisted may be instructed to change to another
frequency;
b) ensure, if possible, that any turns by the aircraft are
carried out clear of cloud;
c) instructions involving abrupt manoeuvres should be
avoided; and
d) instructions or suggestions to reduce speed of the
aircraft or to lower the landing gear, should, if
possible, be carried out clear of cloud.
15-6 Air Traffic Management (PANS-ATM)
1/11/01
15.4 OTHER IN-FLIGHT CONTINGENCIES
Note.— The texts of 15.4.1 and 15.4.2 are reproduced from
Annex 11, Chapter 2 and have the status of Standards.
15.4.1 Strayed or unidentified aircraft
Note 1.— The terms “strayed aircraft” and “unidentified
aircraft” in this paragraph have the following meanings:
Strayed aircraft. An aircraft which has deviated significantly
from its intended track or which reports that it is
lost.
Unidentified aircraft. An aircraft which has been observed
or reported to be operating in a given area but whose
identity has not been established.
Note 2.— An aircraft may be considered, at the same time,
as a “strayed aircraft” by one unit and as an “unidentified
aircraft” by another unit.
15.4.1.1 As soon as an air traffic services unit becomes
aware of a strayed aircraft, it shall take all necessary steps as
outlined in 15.4.1.1.1 and 15.4.1.1.2 to assist the aircraft and
to safeguard its flight.
Note.— Navigational assistance by an air traffic services
unit is particularly important if the unit becomes aware of an
aircraft straying, or about to stray, into an area where there is
a risk of interception or other hazard to its safety.
15.4.1.1.1 If the aircraft’s position is not known, the air
traffic services unit shall:
a) attempt to establish two-way communication with the
aircraft, unless such communication already exists;
b) use all available means to determine its position;
c) inform other ATS units into whose area the aircraft
may have strayed or may stray, taking into account all
the factors which may have affected the navigation of
the aircraft in the circumstances;
d) inform, in accordance with locally agreed procedures,
appropriate military units and provide them with
pertinent flight plan and other data concerning the
strayed aircraft;
e) request from the units referred to in c) and d) and from
　
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