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direct action which the person suffering damage may
have under the law governing the contract ofinsurance
or guarantee, such person may bring a direct action
against the insurer or guarantor only in the following
cases:
      (1) Where the insurance or guarantee is continued
in force under the provisions of sub-paragraphs (1) and
(2) of Article  167 of this Law;and
         (2) The bankruptcy of the operator.
      Excepting the defences specified in paragraph 1 of
Article 167 of this Law, the insurer or guarantor may
not, with respect to direct actions brought by the per-
son suffering damage in accordance with the provisions
of this Chapter, avail himself of any ground of nullity
of the insurance or guarantee or any right of retroactive
cancellation in setting up defences.
   Article 169 If insurance or guarantee is fur-
nished in accordance with Article 166   of this Law, it
shall be specifically and preferentially assigned to pay-
ment of claims under this Chapter.
    Article  170  Any sum due to an operator from
an insurer shall be exempt from seizure and execution
by creditors of the operator until claims of third parties
under this Chapter have been satisfied.
Article 171 Actions concerning indemnity for
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damage to third parties on the surface shall be subject
to a period of limitation of two years from the date of
the incident which caused the damage; but in any case
such period shall not go beyond a period of three years
from the date of the incident which caused the damage.
     Article  172  The provisions ofthis Chapter shall
not apply to the following damage:
     (1) The damage caused to a civil aircraft in flight,
or to persons or cargo on board such aircraft;
       (2) The damage which is regulated either by a con-
tract between the person who suffers such damage and
the operator or the person entitled to use the civil air-
craft at the time the damage occurred, or by the law re-
lating to workman/s compensation applicable to a con-
tract of employment between such persons; and
       (3) Nuclear damage.
Chapter X
Special Provisions Governing
     Foreign Civil Aircraft
       Article   173   The provisions of this Chapter shall
be applicable to foreign civil aircraft operated by
foreigners and engaged in civil aviation activities in the
territory of the People's Republic of China; where no
provisions are available in this Chapter, other provi-
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sions concerned in this Law shall apply.
      Article   174   A foreign civil aircraft may entPr or
leave the airspace of the People/s Republic of China,
ancl operate or land in the territory of the People's Re-
public of China only in accordance with the air trans-
port agreement concluded between the Government of
the People's Republic of China and the government of
the State in which the aircraft is registered, or in
accordance with the approval or clearance of the com-
petent civil aviation authority under the State Council
of the People/s Republic of China.
    If a foreign civil aircraft, not conforming to the
provisions of the preceding paragraph, is entering or
leaving the airspace of the People's Republic of China
without authorization, the authorities concerned of the
People's Republic of China have the right to take nec-
essary measures to order the aircraft to land at a desig-
nated airport; if there is reasonable ground to deem
that it is necessary to make an inspection of a foreign
civil aircraft which operates in conformity with the pro-
visions of the preceding paragraph, the authorities con-
cerned have the right to order the aircraft to land at a
designated airport.
     Article  175  The operator of a foreign civil air-
craft entering the airspace of the People's Republic of
China shall furnish relevant certificate(s) to prove that
　
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本文鏈接地址：The Civil Aviation Law of the People's Republic of China(23)