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been used successfully in several FAA programs such as the Multiple Parallel Approach
Program (MPAP), the Precision Runway Monitor (PRM) Demonstration Program, and by
the Converging Approach Standards Technical Work Group (CASTWG) to assess the
probability of midair collisions during simultaneous parallel or converging approach
operations. This approach is discussed more fully in Section 5.4.3.
A fast-time simulation uses the actual aircrew/aircraft and air traffic controller
performance data collected in the real-time simulation and can examine over 100,000
aircraft operations or phenomena such as blunders in a short period of time. This large
number of observations results in very small confidence intervals for the decision
parameters, based on the input real-time data.
The fast-time model used by the MPAP and CASTWG is the Airspace Simulation and
Analysis for TERPS (ASAT) System, where TERPS stands for Terminal Instrument
Procedures. This model was developed by the FAA’s Standards Development Branch,
AFS-450, as an analysis tool for the evaluation of controller, aircrew/aircraft, and system
performance.
5.4.1 Real-Time Simulation Modeling
Up until the end of 1995, real-time simulations in Europe were the responsibility of the
Eurocontrol Experimental Centre (EEC) Division B1.1. With the reorganization of the
Experimental Centre in January 1996, the Real-Time Simulation Operations (RTO) Centre
of Expertise came into being.
RTO is responsible for the day-to-day management of the real-time simulation program
carried out at the Centre. It is involved in all stages of a simulation - from the Simulation
Request to the publication of the Final report. Its purpose is to coordinate with the Client
and with the other Centres of Expertise to ensure that the simulation runs smoothly from
start to finish. It also provides operational expertise to other Centres of Expertise.
SEPARATION SAFETY MODELING
5-20
Real-time simulation is also an important research tool in the United States. For example,
the MPAP real-time simulations that were performed at the FAA Technical Center in
Atlantic City, New Jersey were designed to test the ability of pilots and controllers to
safely resolve blunders that may occur during simultaneous parallel instrument approach
operations. Because of the expense and time required to perform a real-time simulation, a
real-time simulation is best suited for the study of maneuvers of short duration, such as
missed approaches, or anomalous events, such as blunders.
A typical, real-time simulation requires a system consisting of three types of components:
the Target Generation Facility (TGF) laboratory, the radar system and controller displays,
and flight simulators. The following paragraphs describe one such system.
Target Generation Facility
The FAA’s TGF is an advanced simulation system that is partitioned into three
subsystems: simulation pilot work stations, target generation, and development and
support. The target generation subsystem is a computer system that generates target
aircraft to display on the controller radar screens. The target aircraft are used to provide a
realistic traffic flow and are operated from computer keyboards by Simulation Pilot
Operators (SPO). The SPOs are not required to be pilots; however, they must be trained
in radio phraseology and the operation of the specialized keyboards which control the
simulated radar targets.
The TGF also performs modeling of weather vectors and radar performance. The TGF
receives input from the flight simulators and displays the position of the flight simulations
on the controller radar screens. The TGF processes and records the flight tracks
generated during the simulation. The TGF is the central operating system of the
simulation.
Radar System and Controllers
Prototypes of the Precision Radar Monitor (PRM) system provide high precision
secondary surveillance data to Final Monitor Aid (FMA) radar display consoles located in
the Systems Display Laboratory at the FAA Technical Center. The FMAs are high
resolution color displays equipped with a controller alert system used in the simulated
PRM system. The Systems Display Laboratory is also equipped to simulate several other
types of radar such as ASR-9 and E-Scan, as well as other types of monitor displays such
as FDADS (Fully Digital Alphanumeric Display System) and DEDS (Digital Entry Display
System). In a typical simulation, sixteen experienced air traffic controllers participate as
test subjects. The controllers are selected from various TRACON facilities across the
United States. Controllers are scheduled to participate in groups of four, with two groups
participating each week of the test.
　
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