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steps and improve the performance of
the European ATM system. n
FOCUS
In December 2009 the
United Nations Framework
Convention on Climate
Change will meet in
Copenhagen to attempt to
agree on a post-2012
successor to the Kyoto
Protocol. At this point
nobody knows for sure what
solutions may be reached;
greater emissions cuts seem
certain but by whom, where
and how much are still to
be argued out. One thing
however does seem certain;
aviation is likely to be a part
of any agreement that is
reached. Andrew Watt,
Head of Environment (CND),
reports.
Reducing aviation’s
environmental impact
Producing ‘just’ 2-3% of global CO2
emissions up until now, aviation has
been relatively free from climate
change regulation. However, that is
certainly changing. 2012 will mark
aviation’s inclusion in the European
Emissions Trading Scheme (EU ETS),
following the entry into force of the
relevant directive this year. This means
that the CO2 emissions which aviation
is allowed to produce will be capped
at the average of 2004-2006 levels, and
airlines will be issued permits for their
share within it. Any aircraft operator unable
to meet its target will have to buy
an unused permit from another operator
or another industry. The emissions
cap will then be lowered over time to
decrease emissions further.
Market-based policies such as the
ETS are likely to become increasingly
common on a global scale. However,
another essential tool for mitigating
aviation’s environmental impacts is
the Single European Sky (SES). It was
originally conceived in 1999 to deal
with growing delay and congestion
(though concerns about the environmental
impacts of increased demand
were already being voiced at this
time). This led to the SES l package,
which was adopted in 2004, with its
key objectives of addressing en-route
congestion and delay, as well as safety
issues. The successor to this, the SES II
package, was adopted by the European
Parliament and the Council at the
end of 2008.
SES ll is based on four pillars, covering
performance, safety, technology
and ground capacity, and is expected
to place greater emphasis on environmental
issues and efficiency, bringing
new focus on the sustainability of aviation;
a goal that involves not just tech-
20
Business
and regulatory
drivers in ATM
Skyway 52 Summer & Autumn 2009 21
nological advances towards ‘cleaner’
airframes and sustainable fuels but
also ATC, airport and aircraft operators
working together to improve the efficiency
and minimise the environmental
impact of operations by providing
safe, economically efficient and environmentally
friendly routes, approaches
and departures.
So, how can this be done? SES II sets
out some clear ideas. A key recommendation
is to fly more efficient routes – a
measure that SES ll estimates could
save nearly 5 million
tonnes of CO2
per year. It is obvious
that the most
efficient route to
fly would be ‘as the
crow’ directly from
airport A to airport
B with no deviation
or detours. Unfortunately,
at present,
this is rarely
possible. Complex
airspace arrangements,
international
boundaries and the necessity for military
zones all mean that aircraft fly, on
average, 49 km longer than the shortest
direct route1. Several measures are
foreseen to tackle this.
An early step in this direction was EUROCONTROL,
CANSO and IATA’s joint
launch of the Flight Efficiency Plan at
the end of 2008. Aimed at cutting fuel
consumption by 470,000 tonnes a year,
the measures proposed by the plan
address airspace design and utilisation
in an effort to decrease route length
and use the available airspace more efficiently.
One of the proposed tools for
achieving this is flexible use of airspace
(FUA), a proven concept which opens
up military airspace for civilian use, and
whose uptake will be improved under
this plan. The move towards functional
airspace blocks (FABs) will further facilitate
efficiency gains, with the SES ll
roadmap making a strong call for commitment
to the initiative from both
Member States and air navigation service
providers (ANSPs). This could also
have associated economic benefits,
reducing duplication of systems and
promoting interoperability. However,
　
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本文鏈接地址：Skyway Magazine, Summer & Autumn 2009(13)