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issues such as how to fly the most direct
routes when
crossing multiple
FABs will need to
be addressed.
Crucial to the implementation
of
many of the operational
and collaborative
measures
proposed
for environmental
mitigation is
awareness and
training of operational
staff at ANSPs and airports.
A Community Air Traffic Controller
License was introduced as a complement
to the SES l package in 2004,
based on common core content developed
by EUROCONTROL. It is now becoming
important to ensure that its
content is updated to reflect growing
environmental concerns.
SES ll calls for the introduction of
a network manager function, presumably
looking at what is best
for the network as a whole. This
will necessarily mean addressing
environmental impacts, though
without compromising performance.
This is where the SESAR
‘business trajectory’ concept becomes
crucial, ensuring that all aspects of
a mission are optimised prior to and
during a flight. However, as well as
operational improvements, enhanced
engine and airframe technology that
reduces impact is also essential. The
Clean Sky Joint Technology Initiative,
one of the largest ever European research
projects, aims to hasten such
technological breakthroughs and decrease
the timescales for their implementation.
And of course, the fastgrowing
potential of aviation biofuels
is worth monitoring closely as a technological
solution.
SES ll’s fourth pillar concentrates on
ground operations, specifically increasing
capacity at airports without
compromising environmental performance.
Some current inefficiencies in
the network result from lack of coordination
of airport slots and flight plans.
This can lead to aircraft holding, therefore
burning fuel and releasing emissions,
if they arrive too early or too late
for their designated slot. Optimisation
of operations at
and in the
A key recommendation
is to fly more efficient
routes – a measure that
SES ll estimates could
save nearly 5 million
tonnes of CO2 per year 1- EUROCONTROL
Performance
Review
Report 2008
22
FOCUS
vicinity of airports to tackle these inefficiencies
is another aim of the Flight
Efficiency Plan. Greater coordination,
or flexibility, could lead to big reductions
in emissions and noise. The formation
of the EU Airport Observatory,
although not specifically tasked with
addressing environmental issues, will
provide a pan-European forum for
tackling the associated trade-offs.
The recent adoption of the ACI EUROPE
Airport Carbon Accreditation (ACA)
scheme shows the commitment of airport
operators to voluntarily drive down
emissions. At least 30 European airport
groups and individual airports are already
participating. However, with up
to 75% of an airport’s emissions outside
its direct control, emissions reductions
will necessarily involve multiple aviation
partners working in partnership
through strategic processes such as Collaborative
Environmental Management
and Collaborative Decision-Making.
Ironically, as aircraft become quieter,
many airports are reporting increases
in noise complaints. There are many
reasons behind this trend, such as
increases in traffic at an airport, attitudes
of local communities, or suboptimal
track-keeping. Inefficiencies
in the network not only produce additional
emissions, they can also lead
to unnecessary noise, and particularly
at airports, reduced local air quality.
The efficiency measures proposed by
SES II should have a beneficial impact
on noise and air pollution, though in
general issues such as these are often
regulated locally as situations and circumstances
can vary significantly from
airport to airport. However, mainly owing
to the implications of increased
traffic and delays in new infrastructure,
mention is made by SES II of strengthening
rules on noise at European
Union airports.
As well as the regulatory measures proposed
by SES II, it is likely that marketbased
measures will become increasingly
important on a European and
eventually a global scale. As previously
mentioned, 2012 will mark aviation’s
inclusion in the European Emissions
Trading Scheme (EU ETS). It is estimated
that this will reduce demand by
around 1 million departures per year
– or 5% – by 2030. Some States in the
　
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本文鏈接地址：Skyway Magazine, Summer & Autumn 2009(14)