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their high turbulence inside and the relative heavy ice particles (hail), and
clouds that may develop to a storm.
Other clouds are not really a hazard for aircrafts, and most of them do not
generate any reflections.
To find out thunderstorms on the radar it is important to know that such a
cloud has three precipitation stages.
The lowest third of the cloud consist of turbulent and fast moving heavy
raindrops. They are of course producing very good reflections. So you see a
red area when your beam crosses the bottom third of a cloud.
As you increase the tilt and your beam cross the mid third of the cloud, where
the up moving raindrops freeze, you have also good reflections, but the area is
much smaller than in the bottom third. This because of the shape of a thunder
cloud.
At the top this of a thunder cloud hardly no reflections are generated because
it consists only of dry hail up there. As thunderstorm can reach high altitudes
they may grow up into your flight level. But there you will only cross the top
third of the cloud, which will not be displayed on the radar when flying with
neutral tilt.
But tops of thunderstorm should be avoided because of the turbulent air above
them, and the hail particles within them. Therefore Collins has included the
thunderstorm OverFly Protection (OFP).
altitude
1/3
2/3
3/3
AOG Add On Gauges FSWXR-2100 Users Manual Rev. 1.0
AOG FSWXR2100 Page 13
This function continuously changes the tilt and looks for high reflective
thunderstorm bodies (“bottom third’s”)
In depended of where your set tilt crosses the thunderstorm now, it always
draws the saved bottom image instead. So you always see great red areas
where storms are present, even if they would not create reflections with your
current settings.
This function is only available with in the PAC range that is fixed to 80NM.
Other clouds than thunderstorms may also create reflections. Towering
cumulus clouds have the same characteristics as thunderstorms (also consists
of the three precipitation stages) but reflections are only in the green and
yellow range.
Lower cumulus clouds also can create reflections because they consist of
water drops anyway. But density and turbulence is much lower than in thunder
clouds.
Additional low sized clouds (nimbostratus and similar) that consist of raindrops
also generate reflections. In most cases there is also downpour below them.
AOG Add On Gauges FSWXR-2100 Users Manual Rev. 1.0
AOG FSWXR2100 Page 14
Above you can see the three states of a thunder cloud, real WXR-2100 radar
images compared to the FSWXR2100 images.
The first pair is sensed through the top third of the cloud, and you see its low
reflective and hardly visible. (Although there are the most dangerous hail particles
and turbulences)
The second pair is sensed through the freezing hail area, the mid third of the
cloud. You see greater reflections.
The last pair is sensed through the bottom. You see red reflections and additional
ground clutter in the real image that is situation depended.
Now the same image within the OFP range:
As you see the OFP stored the most reflective bottom cloud part and displays it.
You can tilt now wherever you want, the red image stays here.
4.7 Turbulence Detection
The intensity of turbulence within clouds can also be displayed. The turbulence
is calculated out of the velocity changes for the reflections. This turbulence can
only be measured within clouds that generate normal reflections. So only
precipitation based turbulence can be displayed, gusty winds and other air
turbulence can not be displayed. Following color code is used: dark magenta
means moderate turbulence, intense magenta means serve turbulence. The
turbulence image is an overlay to the normal weather radar image so if no
turbulence is measured, the normal RGB WX image is drawn. The turbulence
detection is limited to a Range of 40NM.
AOG Add On Gauges FSWXR-2100 Users Manual Rev. 1.0
AOG FSWXR2100 Page 15
Serve turbulence to be expected in the magenta area!
4.8 Wind shear prediction PWS
A special high sensitivity mode makes it possible to detect wind shear out of water
particles. Wind shear is always present at low altitudes just above ground.
Additional due to the high sensitivity, other particles than water may produce
enough reflection energy to be detected and displayed as wind shear.
Wind shear is only working below 2500ft AGL and in ranges up to 5NM. This
mode is only intended for take off and final approach phase.
Wind shear areas are marked by red rings.
AOG Add On Gauges FSWXR-2100 Users Manual Rev. 1.0
　
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