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of the aircraft flight manual.
OVERSHOOTING—The act of over flying an intended
spot for landing or flying through a course
intended for intercept.
PARAFOIL—See RAM-AIR WING.
PARALLEL RUNWAYS—Two or more runways at
the same airport whose centerlines are parallel. In
addition to runway number, parallel runways are
designated as L(left) and R(right) or if three parallel
runways exist, L(left), C (center) and R(right).
PARASITE DRAG—That part of total drag created
by the design or shape of PPC parts. Parasite drag
increases with an increase in airspeed.
PART 1—Federal Aviation Regulation from 14 CFR,
pertaining to definitions and abbreviations of
terms.
PART 61—Federal Aviation Regulation from 14
CFR, pertaining to the issuance of pilot and instructor
certificates and ratings.
PART 67—Federal Aviation Regulation from 14
CFR, pertaining to medical standards and certification
for pilots.
PART 91—Federal Aviation Regulation from 14
CFR, pertaining to general operating and flight
rules.
PATTERN ALTITUDE—The common altitude used
for aircraft maneuvering in the traffic pattern. Usually
1,000 above the airport surface.
PENDULUM—A body so suspended from a fixed
point as to move to and fro by the action of gravity
and acquired momentum.
Pendulum Effect—
The characteristic of the
cart weight hanging below the wing that stabilizes
the wing pitching moment and the cart underneath
the wing for unaccelerated flight. This cart weight
(pendulum) can also create momentum of the cart
rotating around the wing.
PERSONALITY TENDENCIES—Personal traits
and characteristics of an individual that are set at a
very early age and extremely resistant to change.
P-FACTOR—A tendency for an aircraft to yaw to
the left due to the descending propeller blade on
the right producing more thrust than the ascending
blade on the left. This occurs when the aircraft’s
longitudinal axis is in a climbing attitude in relation
to the relative wind. The P-factor would be
to the right if the aircraft had a counterclockwise
rotating propeller.
PILOTAGE—Navigational technique based on flight
by reference to ground landmarks.
PILOT IN COMMAND—The pilot responsible for
the operation and safety of an aircraft.
PILOT’S OPERATING HANDBOOK (POH)—A
document developed by the aircraft manufacturer
and contains the FAA approved Aircraft Flight
Manual (AFM) information.
PITCH—The rotation of a PPC about its lateral axis.
PITCH ANGLE—The angle between the wing and
the horizontal plane of the earth.
PITCH ATTITUDE—The angle of the longitudinal
axis relative to the horizon. Pitch attitude serves
as a visual reference for the pilot to maintain or
change airspeed.
PLACARDS—Small statements or pictorial signs
permanently fixed in the cockpit and visible to the
pilot. Placards are used for operating limitations
(e.g., weight or speeds) or to indicate the position
of an operating lever (e.g., landing gear retracted
or down and locked).
PLANFORM—The shape or form of a wing as
viewed from above. It may be long and tapered,
short and rectangular, or various other shapes.
POH—See PILOT’S OPERATING HANDBOOK.
PORPOISING—Oscillating around the lateral axis
of the aircraft during landing.
Porpoising Effect—The rapid increase in
throttle resulting in a rapid initial pitch up, which
results in the pendulum effect that dampens out
into a steady state climb.
POSITIVE DYNAMIC STABILITY—The tendency
over time for an aircraft to return to a predisturbed
state.
POSITIVE STATIC STABILITY—The initial
tendency to return to a state of equilibrium when
disturbed from that state.
POWERED PARACHUTE (PPC)—A powered
aircraft comprised of a flexible or semi-rigid wing
connected to a fuselage (cart) so that the wing is
not in position for flight until the aircraft is in moG-
8
tion. The fuselage of a powered parachute contains
the aircraft engine, a seat for each occupant and is
attached to the aircraft’s landing gear.
POWER-OFF DESCENT—Aircraft configuration
where a descent occurs with power at idle.
POWERPLANT—A complete engine and propeller
combination with accessories.
PPC—See POWERED PARACHUTE.
PPCL—Powered parachute land.
PPCS—Powered parachute sea.
PRACTICAL TEST—Flight test administered by an
FAA examiner or designated examiner as a prerequisite
　
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