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The flight instructor should direct the beginning
pilot to be attuned to these senses and teach an
awareness of their meaning as it relates to various
conditions of flight. To do this effectively, the flight
instructor must fully understand the difference between
perceiving something and merely noticing it. It
is a well established fact that the pilot who develops
a “feel” for the PPC early in flight training will have
little difficulty with advanced flight maneuvers.
Attitude Flying
In a PPC, flying by attitude means visually establishing
the aircraft’s attitude with reference to the natural
horizon. [Figure 6-3] Attitude is the angular difference
measured between an aircraft’s axis and the line of the
Earth’s horizon. Pitch attitude is the angle formed by
the longitudinal axis of the aircraft and the horizon.
Bank attitude is the angle formed by the lateral axis
with the horizon.
In attitude flying, the PPC pilot controls two components:
pitch and bank.
• Pitch control is the control of the PPC about the
lateral axis by using the throttle to raise and
lower the nose in relation to the natural horizon.
• Bank control is control of the PPC about the
longitudinal axis by use of the PPC steering
controls to attain a desired bank angle in
relation to the natural horizon.
Straight-and-Level Flight
It is impossible to emphasize too strongly the necessity
for forming correct habits in flying straight and
level. All other flight maneuvers are in essence a deviation
from this fundamental flight maneuver. Perfection
in straight-and-level flight will not come of
itself. It is not uncommon to find a pilot whose basic
flying ability consistently falls just short of minimum
expected standards, and upon analyzing the reasons
for the shortcomings to discover that the cause is the
inability to properly fly straight and level.
Figure 6-2. Apply steering input to one side of the trailing edge to turn.
6-4
Straight-and-level flight is flight in which a constant
heading and altitude are maintained. It is accomplished
by making immediate and measured corrections for
deviations in direction and altitude from unintentional
slight turns, descents, and climbs. Level flight, at first,
is a matter of consciously fixing the relationship of
the position of some portion of the PPC, used as a
reference point, with the horizon. In establishing the
reference points, place the PPC in the desired position
and select a reference point. No two pilots see
this relationship exactly the same. The references will
depend on where the pilot is sitting, the pilot’s height
(whether short or tall), and the pilot’s manner of sitting.
It is, therefore, important that during the fixing
of this relationship, you sit in a normal manner; otherwise
the points will not be the same when the normal
position is resumed.
In learning to control the aircraft in level flight, it is
important to use only slight control movements, just
enough to produce the desired result. Pilots need to
associate the apparent movement of the references
with the forces which produce it. In this way, you can
develop the ability to regulate the change desired in
the aircraft’s attitude by the amount and direction of
forces applied to the controls.
The pitch attitude for level flight (constant altitude) is
usually obtained by selecting some portion of the aircraft’s
nose as a reference point, and then keeping that
point in a fixed position relative to the horizon. [Figure
6-4] Using the principles of attitude flying, that position
should be cross-checked occasionally against the
altimeter (if so equipped) to determine whether or not
the pitch attitude is correct. If altitude is being gained
or lost, the pitch attitude should be readjusted in relation
to the horizon and then the altimeter rechecked to
determine if altitude is now being maintained. The application
of increasing and decreasing throttle is used
to control this attitude.
In all normal maneuvers, the term “increase the pitch
attitude” implies raising the nose in relation to the horizon
(by increasing power); the term “decreasing the
pitch attitude” means lowering the nose (by decreas-
Figure 6-3. PPC attitude is based on relative positions of the aircraft on the natural horizon.
Figure 6-4. Nose reference for straight-and-level flight.
6-5
titude adjustment. Throttle has a slight delay between
implementation and response in increasing altitude;
flare relatively quickly increases altitude but can only
　
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