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axis aligned with the runway centerline throughout
the approach and landing. (The proper way to correct
for a crosswind will be explained under the section,
“Crosswind Approach and Landing.” For now, only
an approach and landing where the wind is straight
down the landing area will be discussed.)
Focus directly down the centerline and steer right or
left to remain on that centerline.
While aligning the powered parachute down the runway
centerline, or straight down your intended landing
area, slight adjustments in power may be necessary to
maintain the descent.
Control the descent angle throughout the approach so
the powered parachute will land in the center of the
first third of the runway. The descent angle is affected
by the throttle. More throttle means lower descent
rate, less throttle results in a higher descent rate. The
wind also plays a prominent part in the gliding distance
over the ground. [Figure 11-2] Naturally, you
do not have control over the wind but may correct for
its effect on the powered parachute’s descent by appropriate
power adjustments: more throttle is required
in a headwind and crosswind, less throttle is required
with a tailwind.
The objective of a good final approach is to descend
at an angle that will permit the powered parachute to
reach the desired touchdown point. Since on a normal
approach the power setting is not fixed as in a
power-off approach, adjust the power as necessary,
to control the descent angle, or to attain the desired
altitudes along the approach path. This is one reason
for performing approaches with partial power; if the
approach is too high, merely reduce the power. When
the approach is too low, add power.
Figure 11-1. Base leg and final approach.
11-3
Estimating Height and Movement
During the approach, roundout, and touchdown, vision
is of prime importance. To provide a wide scope
of vision and to foster good judgment of height
and movement, your head should assume a natural,
straight-ahead position. Your visual focus should not
be fixed on any one side or any one spot ahead of the
powered parachute, but should be changing slowly
from a point just over the powered parachute’s nosewheel
to the desired touchdown zone and back again,
while maintaining a deliberate awareness of distance
from either side of the runway within your peripheral
field of vision. Accurate estimation of distance
is, besides being a matter of practice, dependent upon
how clearly objects are seen; it requires that vision be
focused properly for the important objects to stand out
as clearly as possible.
Speed blurs objects at close range. For example, consider
the view from an automobile moving at high
speed. Nearby objects seem to merge together in a
blur, while objects farther away stand out clearly. The
driver subconsciously focuses the eyes sufficiently far
ahead of the automobile to see objects distinctly. In
the same way, the distance at which the powered parachute
pilot’s vision is focused is normally adjusted
automatically.
If you attempt to focus on a reference that is too close
or look directly down, the reference will become
blurred, and the reaction will be either too abrupt or
too late. In this case, your tendency will be to overcontrol,
round out high, and make drop-in landings.
When you focus too far ahead, accuracy in judging
the closeness of the ground is lost and the consequent
reaction will be too slow since there will not appear
to be a necessity for action. This will result in flying
into the ground without flaring.
Roundout
The powered roundout is a slow, smooth transition
from a normal approach descent rate to a landing descent
rate, gradually rounding out the flightpath to
one that is parallel with, and within a very few inches
above the runway. When the powered parachute is in
a normal descent, within what appears to be 10 to 20
feet above the ground, the powered roundout should
be started. Once started, it should be a continuous process
until the powered parachute touches down on the
ground.
As the powered parachute reaches a height above
the ground where a timely change can be made into
the proper landing descent, power should be gradually
applied to slowly decrease the rate of descent.
[Figure 11-3]
The rate at which the roundout is executed depends
on the powered parachute’s height above the ground
and the rate of descent. A roundout started excessively
high must be executed more slowly than one from a
lower height to allow the powered parachute to descend
　
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