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Potential Hazards of the Standing PPC.............12-2
Restricted Lines During the Takeoff Roll.........12-3
Entangled or Embedded Lines....................12-3
Lines Caught Under a Wheel......................12-3
A Wing Wall......................................................12-3
A Wing Lock-Out..............................................12-3
Wing Not Centered Overhead...........................12-4
The Cart Turns Over (Roll-Over).....................12-4
Engine Failure on Climbout..............................12-5
Engine Failure in Flight....................................12-6
Engine Failure in a PPCL..................................12-6
In-Flight Fire.....................................................12-7
viii
Landing Porpoise..............................................12-7
Gust-Induced Oscillations.................................12-8
Cross-Country Flights.......................................12-8
Emergency Equipment and Survival Gear........12-8
Glossary............................................................G-1
Index................................................................... I-1
1-1
History of the Powered Parachute
As early as the 12th century, the Chinese used an umbrella-
shape parachute design for recreation. About
300 years later, Leonardo da Vinci blueprinted a pyramid-
shaped parachute. In the late 18th century, man
jumped from towers and balloons with a parachute.
The first parachute jump from an airplane occurred
in 1912.
After World War II, sport jumping became a recreational
activity. The sport started with round parachutes,
ranging in size from 20 to 30 feet in diameter.
Parachutes evolved into a steerable, gliding wing
smaller than today’s rectangular ram-air powered
parachute (PPC) wing which is approximately 38 feet
wide.
On October 1, 1964, Domina C. Jalbert applied for
a patent for his “Multi-Cell Wing” named “Parafoil”
(also known as a “ram-air” wing), which was a new
parachute design. His ideas were registered as a U.S.
patent on November 15,1966. [Figure 1-1 A] However,
in 1964 Lowell Farrand had already flown a motorized
version called “The Irish Flyer” by Nicolaides.
[Figure 1-1 B] Farrand was the first person to put an
engine on a ram-air inflated parachute wing, starting
the evolution of the powered parachute with the Irish
Flyer. This wing evolved into today’s modern powered
parachute canopies, which include rectangular,
elliptical, semi-elliptical, and hybrid wings.
The United States (U.S.) government had a number
of test programs that used the square parachute as a
means to glide spacecraft back to earth or glide payloads
dropped out of airplanes to a specific location.
Two-place powered parachutes have years of testing,
development, and evolution. Training exemptions to
Title 14 of the Code of Federal Regulations (14 CFR)
part 103, Ultralight Vehicles, permitted individuals
to give instruction in two-place ultralight vehicles,
instead of being restricted to vehicles intended for
single occupants. [Figure 1-1 C] The Federal Aviation
Administration (FAA) allowed ultralight vehicle
Figure 1-1. The evolution of powered parachutes.
A
C
D
B
1-2
pilots to train in two-place ultralights until January
31, 2008. After this date, the ultralight vehicle training
exemption expires and only N-numbered aircraft
may be used in two-place PPC instruction and flight.
[Figure 1-1 D]
Powered Parachute Terms
Different terms have been used throughout the powered
parachute community. [Figure 1-2] The terms
standardized throughout this book are as follows:
• Powered Parachute – The complete aircraft.
• Cart – The engine and seats, attached by a
structure to wheels; may also be referred to as
the fuselage, cockpit, chaise, or airframe.
• Wing – Typically a ram-air inflated and
pressurized wing including lines that attach to
the cart. The wing is not in position to fly until
the aircraft is in motion; when not inflated,
referred to as a parachute or chute.
Introduction to the Powered
Parachute
The powered parachute is a category of aircraft that
flies in a manner unique among light-sport aircraft.
Three significant differences separate the PPC from
other types of light sport aircraft (LSA): [Figure 1-3]
1. The wing must be inflated and pressurized by
ram air prior to each takeoff.
2. The aircraft uses a pendulum configuration,
where the cart hangs about 20 feet below the
　
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