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down on the corresponding surface of the trailing
edge on the wing which banks the PPC into a turn.
STEERING LINES—Connected to the steering bars
and routed through pulleys up to the trailing edge
of the parachute.
STRAIGHT-IN APPROACH—Entry into the traffic
pattern by interception of the extended runway
centerline (final approach course) without executing
any other portion of the traffic pattern.
STRESS MANAGEMENT—The personal analysis
of the kinds of stress experienced while flying, the
application of appropriate stress assessment tools,
and other coping mechanisms.
STROBE—A high intensity white flashing light.
Strobe lights are located on aircraft wingtips to
increase aircraft visibility in low light conditions.
STUDENT PILOT CERTIFICATE— An FAAissued
certificate that permits student pilots to
exercise solo pilot privileges with limitations.
A student’s medical becomes their student pilot
certificate once it is endorsed by their flight
instructor.
SUSPENSION LINES—Lines that run from several
attachment points on the wing down to a set of
cables called risers, which connect to the PPC cart.
TAILWIND—Wind blowing in the same direction
the aircraft is moving. When an aircraft is flying
with a tailwind, its speed over the ground is equal
to its speed through the air, plus the speed the air
is moving over the ground.
TAKEOFF CLEARANCE—ATC authorization for
an aircraft to depart a runway. It is predicated on
known traffic and known physical airport conditions.
TAXI—The movement of an aircraft under its own
power while on the ground.
TAXIWAY—Airport area designated for aircraft
surface movement.
TEMPORARY FLIGHT RESTRICTION (TFR)—
Designated airspace of specified dimension where
flight is temporarily restricted or prohibited.
NOTAMs are issued to advise airmen of local TFR
restrictions.
TERMINAL RADAR SERVICE AREAS (TRSA)—
Areas where participating pilots can receive additional
radar services. The purpose of the service is
to provide separation between all IFR operations
and participating VFR aircraft.
TFR—See TEMPORARY FLIGHT RESTRICTION.
THERMAL—A buoyant plume or bubble of rising
air.
THROTTLE—The control in an aircraft that regulates
the power or thrust the pilot wants the engine
to develop.
THRUST—The force which imparts a change in the
velocity of a mass. A forward force which propels
the powered parachute through the air.
TORQUE—(1) A resistance to turning or twisting.
(2) Forces that produce a twisting or rotating motion.
(3) In a PPC, the tendency of the aircraft to
turn (roll) in the opposite direction of rotation of
the engine and propeller.
TOTAL DRAG—The sum of the parasite and induced
drag.
TOUCH AND GO—An operation by an aircraft that
lands and takes off without stopping.
TOUCHDOWN POINT—The point or intended
point at which an aircraft first makes contact with
the landing surface.
TOUCHDOWN ZONE—The portion of a runway,
beyond the threshold, where it is intended landing
aircraft first contact the runway.
TRACK—The actual path made over the ground in
flight.
TRAFFIC PATTERN—The traffic flow that is prescribed
for aircraft landing at or taking off from an
airport.
TRAFFIC PATTERN INDICATORS—Ground
based visual indicators that identify traffic pattern
direction at certain airports.
TRAILING EDGE—The portion of the airfoil where
the airflow over the upper surface rejoins the lower
surface airflow.
TRANSPONDER—The airborne portion of the secondary
surveillance radar system. The transponder
emits a reply when queried by a radar facility.
TRICYCLE GEAR CONFIGURATION—Landing
gear configuration employing a third wheel
located on the nose of the aircraft.
TRSA—See TERMINAL RADAR SERVICE
AREAS.
TWO-STROKE ENGINE—A simple form of
reciprocating engine that completes its operating
cycle in two strokes of its piston—one down and
one up. Two-stroke-cycle engines are inefficient
in their use of fuel, but their simplicity makes
them popular for powering light-sport aircraft and
ultralight vehicles where light weight and low cost
are paramount.
G-11
ULTRALIGHT—A vehicle as defined by 14 CFR
103.1.
UNSTABILIZED APPROACH—The final approach
of an aircraft that has not achieved a stable rate of
descent or controlled flight track by a pre-determined
　
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