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blocking its transport. The result is hypoxia
but through a mechanism different from that
produced by altitude. However, with respect
to symptoms, the end-effects can be very
similar.
There should be little or no carbon
monoxide in the blood of individuals who
have not been exposed to smoke or
other by-products of combustion. People
living in polluted urban environments may
have between 3-10% carboxyhemoglobin
concentrations because of the carbon
monoxide contained in the smoke and fumes
they inhale, while a cigar smoker could have
up to 15%. People in certain occupations
such as foundry workers, welders,
mechanics, firefighters, and tollbooth or
tunnel attendants that expose them to
products of combustion may also have
elevated carbon monoxide baseline levels.
Symptoms
The most common symptoms of carbon
monoxide exposure are shown in Table 1.
These symptoms are typical for an individual
with normal hemoglobin at sea level. You can
expect these symptoms to worsen at altitude
and/or appear sooner than they otherwise
would. Wide personal variations may also
occur, depending on the circumstances and
whether or not the indificual smokes.
Table 1: Carbon Monoxide (CO) Blood
Levels and Possible Symptoms
Percent CO
in Blood
Typical Symptoms
<10 None
10-20 Slight headache
21-30 Headache, slight increase
in respirations, drowsiness
31-40 Headache, impaired
judgment, shortness
of breath, increasing
drowsiness, blurring of
vision
41-50 Pounding headache,
confusion, marked
shortness of breath, marked
drowsiness, increasing
blurred vision
>51 Unconsciousness, eventual
death if victim is not
removed from source of CO
3
Protection From Carbon
Monoxide Exposure
First and foremost is pilot education and
awareness. Pilots must understand the
danger posed by carbon monoxide poisoning
and should be alert to the symptoms.
Any unusual cabin smell or sensation
of illness should call for immediate
troubleshooting.
• Turn the cabin heat fully off.
• Increase the rate of cabin fresh air
ventilation to the maximum.
• Open windows if the flight profile and
aircraft’s operating manual permit such an
action.
• If available (provided it does not
represent a safety or fire hazard),
consider using supplemental oxygen.
• Land as promptly as possible.
• Do not hesitate to let Air Traffic Control
know of your concerns, and ask for vectors
to the nearest airport.
• Once on the ground, seek medical
attention.
• Before continuing the flight, have the
aircraft inspected by a certified mechanic.
Safeguards
• The best protection against carbon
monoxide poisoning is to avoid exposure.
• Aircraft operators and pilots must ensure
that heating/ventilation systems and
exhaust manifolds in their aircraft are all
in good working order, as specified by the
manufacturer and the Federal Aviation
Administration.
• Certified mechanics must conduct all required
inspections.
• Special attention should be paid to older
aircraft because of corrosion or simple
wear and tear.
• A certified mechanic should verify firewall
and aircraft structural integrity and seal any
defects.
MEDICAL FACTS FOR
PILOTS
Written by
G.J. Salazar, M.D.
Prepared by:
Federal Aviation Administration
Civil Aerospace Medical Institute
Aerospace Medical Education Division
To order copies of this brochure, contact:
FAA Civil Aerospace Medical Institute
Shipping Clerk, AAM-400
P.O. Box 25082
Oklahoma City, OK 73125
Telephone: (405) 954-4831
OK05-0270
Aerospace Medical Education
A Key to Aviation Safety
Don’t become a statistic.
Learn to prevent and avoid this deadly
threat to your flying safety.
• Finally, several devices are available
to monitor for carbon monoxide. The
least expensive are handheld or stick-on
colorimetric devices that change color in
the presence of carbon monoxide. While
effective, they are not perfect or foolproof.
Powered detectors for aviation use are
available as either portable or panel-mounted
units and provide greater reliability.
4
1
ALTITUDE-INDUCED
DECOMPRESSION
SICKNESS
Tiny Bubbles, BIG Troubles
Decompression sickness (DCS) describes
a condition characterized by a variety of
symptoms resulting from exposure to low barometric
　
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