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To order copies of this brochure and
others listed below, contact
FAA Civil Aerospace Medical Institute
Shipping Clerk, AAM-400
P.O. Box 25082
Oklahoma City, OK 73125
(405) 954-4831
Other Safety Brochures Available
Number Title
AM-400-94/2 Alcohol and Flying: A Deadly Combination
AM-400-95/2 Altitude Decompression Sickness
AM-400-98/3 Hearing and Noise in Aviation
AM-400-97/1 Introduction to Human Factors in Aviation
AM-400-92/1 Over the Counter Medications and Flying
AM-400-98/2 Pilot Vision
AM-400-00/1 Spatial Disorientation: Visual Illusions
AM-400-01/1 Physiological Training Courses for Civil Aviation
Pilots
AM-400-03/1 Spatial Disorientation: Why You Shouldn’t Fly By
the Seat of Your Pants
AM-400-03/2 Deep Vein Thrombosis and Travel
To view these pilot and passenger safety brochures, visit the
Federal Aviation Administration’s Web Site
www.faa.gov/pilots/safety
1
SMOKE TOXICITY
Th e specter of fi re in the air is a pilot’s recurrent
nightmare... FIRE is an integral part of our everyday life,
and smoke is one of its products. There
have always been efforts to control fi re
and use it for constructive purposes, but even
then, accidental fi res do occur and fi re continues
to cause loss of lives and property.
Uncontrolled fi res threaten homes, factories,
and transportation systems. The specter
of fi re in the air is a pilot’s recurrent nightmare,
carried over from the early days of fabric
covered aircraft, when the time between
ignition and loss of the aircraft could be measured
in relatively few minutes.
Modern aircraft benefi t from fl ame retardant
materials and improved fi re extinguishing systems
to such an extent that in-fl ight fi res are
rare occurrences.
However, survivable crashes followed by
fi re happen, primarily from fuel spills around
the downed aircraft. In the confi ned environment
of an aircraft cabin, the presence of
smoke automatically indicates the existence of
an emergency situation.
Extinguishment of fi res obviously has fi rst
priority, but smoke inhalation should be
recognized as a very real danger while this is
being accomplished. Inhalation of toxic gases
in smoke is the primary cause of fatalities in
most fi res—this is true whether the fi re is in
an aircraft cabin, a residential bedroom, or a
high-rise building. Smoke gases do not need
to reach lethal levels to seriously impair pilot
performance. Sublethal exposures can cause
even experienced pilots to make potentially
fatal mistakes.
2
In view of the seriousness of any aircraft
fi re, let us examine the various aspects of fi re
and smoke.
FIRE
Each fi re is diff erent... Fire is a complex, dynamic, physicochemical
event and is the result of a rapid
chemical reaction generating smoke, heat,
fl ame, and light. Each fi re is different. Smoke
composition and heat generated in a fi re depend
on types of burning materials and environmental
conditions.
SMOKE
Its gases could be toxic... Smoke is a complex of particulate matter,
as well as a variety of invisible combustion
gases and vapors suspended in the
fi re atmosphere. Smoke may diminish light and
obscure vision, and its gases could be toxic.
SMOKE GASES
Carbon dioxide levels increase and oxygen
concentrations decrease... Carbon monoxide and hydrogen cyanide
are the two principal toxic combustion
gases. Most cabin furnishings contain
carbon and will generate both carbon monoxide
and carbon dioxide when burned; carbon
monoxide can also be released from faulty
cabin heaters. Burning wool, silk, and many
nitrogen- containing synthetics will produce the
more toxic hydrogen cyanide gas. Irritant gases,
such as hydrogen chloride and acrolein, are
generated from burning wiring insulation and
some other cabin materials. Generally, carbon
dioxide levels increase and oxygen concentrations
decrease during fi res.
SMOKE EFFECTS
At high altitude, the effects are greatly
enhanced... Visual smoke can delay escape from a
fi re, while the irritant gases can induce
tears, pain, and disorientation. The visual
obscuration is obvious, but the subtle effects
of carbon monoxide and hydrogen cyanide
inhalation, although less readily detected, can
cause physical incapacitation and subsequent
death. Toxicologically, carbon monoxide combines
with the hemoglobin in blood and interferes
with the oxygen supply to tissues, while
hydrogen cyanide inhibits oxygen utilization at
　
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