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To view these pilot and passenger safety brochures,
visit the Federal Aviation Administration’s Web Site:
www.faa.gov/pilots/safety
Physiological Training Classes for
Pilots
If you are interested in taking a one-day aviation
physiological training course with altitude chamber
and vertigo demonstrations or a one-day survival
course, learn about these courses by visiting this
FAA Web site:
www.faa.gov/pilots/training/airman_education
Breathing is one of the most automatic things we do — over 20,000
times a day. Each breath does two things for our body. It expels carbon
dioxide when we exhale, and takes in oxygen when we inhale.
It’s a delicate balance.
Exercise or stress increases
the production
of carbon dioxide, so we
breathe faster to eliminate
it and take in more
oxygen at a greater rate.
Because of the effects
of gravity, the amount of air containing oxygen is greater at sea level. For example,
the pressure at sea level is twice that found at 18,000 feet MSL.
Although the percentage of oxygen contained in air at 18,000 feet is identical
to that at sea level (a little over 20%), the amount of air our lungs take in
with each breath contains half the oxygen found at sea level. Breathing faster
or more deeply doesn’t help. In fact, because you’re consciously over-riding
a system that is normally automatic, you’ll be compounding the problem by
exhaling too much carbon dioxide.
Supplemental oxygen
The solution is simple, familiar to most pilots, and required by FAR
91.211: supplemental oxygen. This regulation specifies a 30-minute limit
before oxygen is required on flights between 12,500 and 14,000 feet MSL,
and immediately upon exposure to cabin pressures above 14,000 feet MSL.
For best protection, you are encouraged to use supplemental oxygen above
10,000 feet MSL.
At night, because vision is particularly sensitive to diminished oxygen, a
prudent rule is to use supplemental oxygen when flying above 6,000 feet
MSL.
So, when you fly at high altitudes, supplemental oxygen is the only solution.
That’s because supplemental oxygen satisfies the twin demands of having
enough oxygen to meet your body’s demands and a breathing rate that
excretes the right amount of carbon dioxide.
Hypoxia
Unfortunately, our body doesn’t give us reliable signals at the onset of hypoxia
— oxygen starvation — unless we have received special training to
recognize the symptoms. In fact, it’s quite the contrary. The brain is the first
part of the body to reflect a diminished oxygen supply, and the evidence of
that is usually a loss of judgment.
Hypoxia tests
Altitude chamber tests, in which high altitude flight conditions are duplicated,
have shown that some people in an oxygen deficient environment
actually experience a sense of euphoria — a feeling of increased well-being.
These subjects can’t write their name intelligibly, or even sort a deck of cards
by suits...yet, they think they’re doing just fine!
Such is the insidious
nature of oxygen deprivation.
It sneaks up on
the unwary and steals
the first line of sensory
protection — the sense
that something is wrong
— dreadfully wrong.
The higher you go
Bear in mind, the progressive reduction of oxygen per breath will continue
the higher you go. Flying above a layer of clouds that doesn’t look too high,
or flying in the mountains on a clear day — are the very environments that
have caused many good “flat-land” pilots to get into trouble.
􀁮 􀁯
Symptoms
Everyone’s response to hypoxia varies. Unless, as we’ve stated, you’ve had
special training to recognize its symptoms, hypoxia doesn’t give you much
warning. It steals up on you, giving your body subtle clues. The order of
symptoms varies among individuals: increased breathing rate, headache,
lightheadedness, dizziness, tingling or warm sensations, sweating, poor coordination,
impaired judgment, tunnel vision, and euphoria. Unless detected
early and dealt with, hypoxia can be a real killer.
Caution and safety
So, don’t decide you’ll try to fly over that range of mountains, thinking
you’ll turn back if you start to feel badly. You may feel great...until it’s too late!
Use supplemental oxygen.
Smoking and altitude
A Western state pilot lived to tell about this one. Cruising at 13,500 feet
MSL over mountainous terrain in his light single, he took a deep drag on his
cigarette and next remembered being in a screaming dive with just enough
　
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