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a study of 50 midair
collisions revealed that
only 8% were head-on. However, 42% were collisions between aircraft heading in
the same direction. So, compared with opposite-direction traffic, your chances of
having a midair are over 5 times greater with an aircraft you are overtaking or one
•
••
•• that is overtaking you. It is necessary for you to develop and practice a
technique
that allows the efficient scanning of the surrounding airspace and the monitoring of
cockpit instrumentation as well. You can accomplish this by performing a series of
short, regularly spaced eye movements that bring successive areas of the sky into the
central (foveal) visual field. To scan effectively, scan from right to left or left to right.
Begin scanning at the top of the visual field in front of you and then move your eyes
inward toward the bottom. Use a stop-turn-stop type eye motion. The duration of
each stop should be at least 1 second but not longer than 2 to 3 seconds.
To see and identify objects under conditions of low ambient illumination, avoid
looking directly at an object for more than 2 to 3 seconds (because it will bleach out).
Instead, use the off-center viewing that consists of searching movements of the eyes
(10 degrees above, below, or to either side) to locate an object, and small eye movements
to keep the object in sight. By switching your eyes from one off-center point
to another every 2 to 3 seconds,
you will continue to
detect the object in the peripheral
field of vision. The
reason for using off-center
viewing has to do with the
location of rods in the periphery
of the retina for
night or low-intensity night
vision (peripheral), and their
absence in the center of the
retina (fovea). Pilots should
practice this off-center scanning
technique to improve
safety during night flights.
A Word about Monocular Vision
A pilot with one eye (monocular), or with effective visual acuity equivalent to
monocular (i.e. best corrected distant visual acuity in the poorer eye is no better than
20/200), may be considered for medical certification, any class, through the special
issuance procedures of Part 67 (14CFR67.401) if:
A 6-month period has elapsed to allow for adaptation to monocularity; during
the adaptation period to monovision, an individual may experience hazy vision and
occasional loss of balance.
A complete evaluation by an eye specialist, as reported on FAA Form 8500-7,
Report of Eye Evaluation, reveals no pathology of either eye that could affect the
stability of the findings.
Uncorrected distant visual acuity in the better eye is 20/200 or better and is corrected
to 20/20 or better by lenses of no greater power than ±3.5 diopters spherical
equivalent.
The applicant passes an FAA medical flight test.
•
•
•
•
Medical Facts for Pilots
Publication: AM-400-98/2 (revised 8/02)
Written by: Melchor J. Antuñano, M.D.
Prepared by:
Federal Aviation Administration
Civil Aerospace Medical Institute
Aerospace Medical Education Division
To request copies of this brochure and others listed below, contact
FAA Civil Aerospace Medical Institute
Shipping Clerk, AAM-400
P.O. Box 25082
Oklahoma City, OK 73125
(405) 954-4831
Other Pilot Safety Brochures Available
Number Title
AM-400-94/2 Alcohol and Flying: A Deadly Combination
AM-400-95/2 Altitude Decompression Sickness
OK05-0270 Carbon Monoxide: A Deadly Threat
AM-400-03/2 Deep Vein Thrombosis and Travel
AM-400-98/3 Hearing and Noise in Aviation
AM-400-91/1 Hypoxia: The Higher You Fly, the Less Air...
AM-400-97/1 Introduction to Human Factors in Aviation
OK05-0005 Medications and Flying
AM-400-01/1 Physiological Training Courses for Civil Aviation Pilots
AM-400-91/2 Seat Belts and Shoulder Harnesses
AM-400-95/1 Smoke!
AM-400-00/1 Spatial Disorientation: Visual Illusions
AM-400-03/1 Spatial Disorientation: Why You Shouldn’t Fly By the Seat of Your Pants
AM-400-05/1 Sunglasses for Pilots: Beyond the Image
To view these pilot and passenger safety brochures,
visit the Federal Aviation Administration’s Web Site
www.faa.gov/pilots/safety/pilotsafetybrochures/
Physiological Training Classes for Pilots
If you are interested in taking a one-day aviation physiological training course
with altitude chamber and vertigo demonstrations or a one-day survival course, learn
about how to sign up for these courses that are offered at 14 locations across the U.S.
by visiting this FAA Web site:
www.faa.gov/pilots/training/airman_education/aerospace_physiology/index.cfm
　
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