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project is now $2500. We will still get the 10% reduction in the remaining $192,000 that we are
still targeting, which totals $19,200. Our cost benefit ratio is now a robust 7.68 to 1. If all goes
well with the initial training and we actually demonstrate at 20% loss reduction, we may choose to
expand the training to the next riskiest 20% of our 400 personnel which should also produce a very
positive return.
FAA System Safety Handbook, Appendix F
December 30, 2000
F-52
Selecting risk controls when risks are high and risk control costs are important - use of decision matrices.
An excellent tool for evaluating various risk control options is the decision matrix. On the vertical
dimension of the matrix we list the operation supportive characteristics we are looking for in risk controls.
Across the top of the matrix we list the various risk control options (individual options or packages of
options). Then we rank each control option on a scale of 1 (very low) to 10 (very high) in each of the
desirable characteristics. If we choose to, we can weight each desirable characteristic based on its
operational significance and calculate the weighted score (illustrated below). All things being the same,
the options with the higher scores are the stronger options. A generic illustration is provided at Figure
4.1B.
Figure 4.1B Sample Decision Matrix
RATING
FACTOR
WEIGHT*
RISK CONTROL OPTIONS/PACKAGES
#1 #2 #3 #4 #5 #6
Low Cost
5
9/45
6/30
4/20
5/25
8/40
8/40
Easy to implement
4
10/40
7/28
5/20
6/24
8/32
8/32
Positive Operator
involvement
5
8/40
2/10
1/5
6/30
3/15
7/35
Consistent with
Culture
3
10/30
2/6
9/27
6/18
6/18
6/18
Easy to integrate
3
9/27
5/15
6/18
7/21
6/18
5/15
Easy to measure
2
10/20
10/20
10/20
8/16
8/16
5/10
Low risk (sure to
succeed)
3
9/27
9/27
10/30
2/6
4/12
5/15
TOTALS
229
136
140
140
151
165
* Weighting is optional and is designed to reflect the relative importance of the various
factors.
Summary. It is not unusual for a risk control package to cost hundreds of thousands of dollars and even
millions over time. Millions of dollars and critical operations may be at risk. The expenditure of several
tens of thousands of dollars to get the decision right is sound management practice and good risk
management.
5.0 RISK CONTROL IMPLEMENTATION TOOLS AND DETAILS
FAA System Safety Handbook, Appendix F
December 30, 2000
F-53
5.1 Introduction
Figure 5.1A summarizes a Risk Control Implementation model. It is based on accountability being an
essential element of risk management success. Organizations and individuals must be held accountable for
the risk decisions and actions that they take or the risk control motivation is minimized. The model
depicted at Figure 5.1A is the basis of positive accountability and strong risk control behavior.
Figure 5.1A Implementation Model
5.2 Applying the model
The example below illustrates each step in the model applied to the sometimes-difficult task of assuring
that personnel consistently wear and use their protective clothing and equipment. The steps of the model
should be applied as follows:
5.2.1 Identify key tasks
This step, while obvious however, is critical to actually define the key tasks with enough accuracy that
effective accountability is justified. For example, in our example regarding use of protective clothing and
equipment, it is essential to identify exactly when the use of such items is required. Is it when I enter the
door of a work area? When I approach a machine? How close? What about on the loading dock? Exactly
what items are to be worn? Is there any specific way that they should be worn? I can be wearing ear plugs
but incorrectly have them stuck in the outer ear, producing little or no noise reduction benefit. Does this
meet the requirement? The task needs to be defined with sufficient precision that personnel know what is
expected of them and that what is expected of them produces the risk control desired. It is also important
that the task be made as simple, pleasant, and trouble free as possible. In this way we significantly
increase the ease with which the rest of the process proceeds.
5.2.2 Assign key tasks
Personnel need to know clearly what is expected of them especially if they are going to be held
accountable for the task. This is normally not difficult. The task can be included in job descriptions,
　
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